AP Human Geography Ch. 3 – Flashcards
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Emigration
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Migration FROM a location
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Immigration
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Migration TO a location
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Push & Pull Factors
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Push- induces ppl to move out of present location Pull- induces ppl to move into a new location
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Economic Push/ Pull Factors
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Push- few jobs Pull- available jobs
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Cultural Push/Pull Factors
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Push- forced migration Pull- political conditions
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Environmental Push/Pull Factors
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Push- hazardous regions, adverse physical conditions Pull- physically attractive regions
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Intervening Obstacle
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Environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration
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Role of physical geography in examining intervening obstacles and migration
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Environmental traits (mnts., desert, water, etc.) = intervening obstacles
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Role of transportation in examining intervening observation and migration
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Boats, planes, roads, cars, etc. make it easier to travel
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Role of political concerns/ laws in examining intervening obstacles and migration
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Paperwork, Bureaucracy, & documentations are intervening obstacles
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International migration
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Permanent movement from one country to another
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Internal migration
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Permanent movement within same country
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Push factors responsible for Voluntary Migration
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Migrant has chosen to move for economic reasons
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Push factors responsible for Forced Migration
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Migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors
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Most Migrants? (Gender)
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Female (Most long distance are Male) (Most long distance bring no children) (There's an increasing amount of children migrating)
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Countries with Net-out migration
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Asia, Latin America, ; Africa
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Countries with Net- in migration
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North America, Europe, ; Oceania
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How many eras of immigration have occurred in U.S.
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3 main eras
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Since 1970's, most immigrants to U.S. have come from...?
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Latin America & Asia
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Reasons most European immigrants come to U.S.
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Harsh economic condition & persecution (Voluntary & forced)
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What European country has sent the most immigrants to the U.S.
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Germany
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Where did most immigrants come from during the early part of 20th century (1900-1914)
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Southern and Eastern Europe
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Most European immigrants came from what country?
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Germany
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Most migrants to U.S. During 1840's and 1850's came from what part of Europe?
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Northern & Western Europe
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Most migrants to the U.S. During the late nineteenth century came from what part of Europe?
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Western & parts of Norway
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What brought and end to massive European immigration?
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Great Depression & WWI
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What was the purpose of the enclosure movement in Europe?
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legal process in England, enclosing a number of small landholdings to create one larger farm
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Most migration to U.S. During 1960's and 1970's came from..?
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Asia
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Most migration to U.S. During the 1980's came from..?
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Latin America
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Most Asians are currently migrating to U.S. Through process of..?
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Chain Migration
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Country that sends most legal illegal immigrants to U.S.
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Mexico
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3 leading sources of U.S. Immigrants from Asia
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China, India, Philippines
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Country that passed Germany in sending most immigrants to U.S. In 2006
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Mexico
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How has European immigration changed world culture?
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Music, dress, art, etc.
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What are unauthorized immigrants?
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Undocumented immigrants
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What states in U.S. Do immigrants seem to be attracted to?
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California, NY, Florida, Texas
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Why have Southern and Western states attracted a large % of immigrants?
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More rapid growth jobs
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2 major difficulties immigrants face today?
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- gaining permission to enter a new country in the first place - hostile attitudes of citizens once they have entered the new country
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System U.S. uses to limit the number of foreign citizens who enter the U.S.
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Quota System
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System Europe uses to limit the number of foreign citizens who enter Europe
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Guest workers
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The main impact of 1920 quota laws was to do what?
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Limit # people who can immigrate to U.S. from each country during 1 yr period
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What did Immigration Act of 1965 do?
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Eliminated quotas for individual countries ; replaced w/ hemisphere quotas
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Brain Drain
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Large-scale emigration by talented people
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Largest # recent migrants to U.S. are?..
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Cuban
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Most Asians are migrating to U.S. through process of..?
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Chain Migration
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What are guest workers, and what type of jobs did they perform?
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- Protected by minimum-usage laws, labor union contracts, etc. - take low status jobs Ex: driving buses, washing dishes
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What part of Europe were most guest workers from?
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North Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, ; Asia
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How are refugees and economic migrants treated in regard to being admitted into a country?
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- Economic Migrants: not admitted unless possess special skills or have close relatives already there - refugees: receive special priority in admission to other countries
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Emigrants from Cuba to U.S. are regarded as..?
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Political refugees
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Most guest workers head for which part of Europe?
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Western Europe
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Migration to U.S. declined in 1920's as result of new laws. What did these laws do?
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Limit # ppl who could immigrate to U.S. for each country per year
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What was major difference between Cuban and Haitian refugees?
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Cubans- political refugees Haitians- economic migrants
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Two types of internal migration
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- interregional & intraregional
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Most prominent type of interregional migration in the world
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Rural areas to urban areas
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What caused largest level of interregional migration in world?
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People wanted more land
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What is meant by the population center of the U.S.?
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Average location of everyone in country ("center of population gravity")
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What intervening obstacle hindered settlement of America's interior?
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Appalachian Mnts.
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What transportation improvement helped to open interior of U.S.?
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Canals/ boats
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What transportation improvement helped encouraged settlement of The Great Plains?
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Railroads
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W/ each census, from the first one in 1780 to 2000, the population center of the U.S. has moved where?
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West and South
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Why has the population moved to the south?
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Net migration into southern states
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What is the "sunbelt" and what is the "rust belt" ?
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Sunbelt = South Rust Belt = Midwest
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How did Russia encourage interregional migration?
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- factory construction near raw materials (Forced people to come to factory to work)
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Why did Soviet officials want to develop Russia's Far North?
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To construct & operate steel mills, hydroelectric power stations, mines, etc.
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How did Brazil encourage interregional migration?
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Moved its capital to Rio (created more jobs)
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How did Indonesia encourage interregional migration?
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Paid for migration
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How has the state of Assam limited internal migration?
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Require permit to migrate or visit Assam
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What is the most prominent type of intraregional migration worldwide? Why?
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- Type: Rural areas to urban areas - Why: industrial revolution (economic advancement)
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In MDC's most intraregional migration is from _____ to _____ Why has this occurred?
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Cities to suburbs Why: people like suburban lifestyle
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Counterurbanization
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Net migration from urban to rural areas
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Why is no location in an MDC truly isolated?
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Modern communications ; transportation systems
