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Urban

answer

area with increased density of human made structures compared to the area surrounding it; used for city (400 peeps/sqkm)

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Rural

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country/countryside area outside of urban area (primary sector)

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Urbanization

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process of change of removing rural settlements and establishing urban ones

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Urban system

answer

urban settlements that are interdependent in a region

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Urban form

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the structure of urban cities

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Urban ecology

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the social and demographic compositions of regions or cities

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Primate city

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city twice as big as the next largest city in the country

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Mercantile City

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primarily trading used a lot in colonial cities (Bryan) ex of functioning city

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Manufacturing City

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manufacturing-industrialization (2nd sector) ex of functioning city

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Modern City

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consumer goods and services (3rd sector) ex of functioning city (College Station)

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Post-Modern City

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advanced beyond local functions-- global cities (Houston, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami) ex of functioning city

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Urban Geography helps to?

answer

sort out the complexities of familiar and unfamiliar patterns in urban areas

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Down towns are what in most cities?

answer

site of the original settlement, best-known, and most visually distinctive area

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Central business district (CBD)

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Down town; compact; less than 1 percent urban land area; large percentage of shops, offices, and public institutions; good accessibility; center is the easiest part to reach; focal point of region's transportation network

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Retail services in CBD

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3 types because of accessibility-- retailers with high threshold, long range, and serve people working in CBD; changing habits and patterns reduced importance of retail services in CBD

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Retail services in CBD: Retailers with a high threshold

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100% corners-- intersection with large department stores (high thresholds), high rents because of accessibility; currently-- high threshold retailers (now in suburban malls) closed because customers replaced with office workers, inner-city residents, and tourists

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Retail services in CBD: Retailers with a high range

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mostly specialists that once preferred CBD's because of scattered customers and infrequent visits; moved to suburban areas except for some that mixed with recreational activities; some CBD's restored food markets and attract high ranges because of exotic or high- quality products

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Downtown malls in North American CBD's that offer unique recreation and entertainment

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Boston-- Raneuil Hall Marketplace (renovated 18th century buildings); Baltimore-- Harbor Place (adjacent to waterfront buildings); Philadelphia-- Gallery at Market East (suburban-style shopping center); San Fran Ferry Building (gourmet food center where ferries dock)

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Retail services in CBD: Retailers serving downtown workers

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expanding because of increase in workers; shop during lunch or working hours; demand pattern changed-- no large department stores, expanding small specializing shops

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Business Services in the CBD

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cluster in center and follow an inter-dependency chain; centrally located for spatial proximity and sharing of fast breaking news face-to-face; central location also attracts people from different living groups because of accessibility

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Competition for Land in the CBD

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limited sites available cause high land costs

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High Land Costs

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Tokyo's CBD contains most expensive land-- $15,00/sqm or $60,000,000 acre; result from shortage of buildable land; restricted height because of earthquakes; land is more in the center and some activities excluded because of high cost of space

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High Land Costs: Intensive land use

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CBD uses more space above and below ground; many cities have underground cities with electrical, telephone, and tv wires; Minneapolis, Montreal, and Toronto have extensive passages and shops beneath the center that segragate pedestrians from automobiles and shield from cold winter weather

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High Land Costs: Skyscrapers

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Each downtown has specific skylines because of arrangement and architectural styles of high-rise buildings; skyscrapers first built in Chicago in 1880's possible from elevator and iron-frame building construction; bottom-- retailers, middle-- offices, top-- apartments; one large US CBD w/out skyscrapers is DC

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Activities Excluded from the CBD

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high rents and land shortage discourage industrial and residential activities

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Activities Excluded from CBD: Lack of Industry in the CBD

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modern factories need large amount of land for one-story buildings; cargo ships too big for old narrow ports so moved modern factories downstream; port cities now commercial and recreational activities (offices, shops, parks, museums, docks, walkways, parking lots, hotels, and entertainment centers

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Activities Excluded from the CBD: Lack of Residents in CBDs

answer

most people lived downtown and poor peeps lived in tiny apartments; now rich people moved to suburbs w/ good schools, big yards (downtown-- high rent, crime, congestion, poverty) and poor peeps live downtown; downtown being renovated and attracts "empty nesters" (kids left, have no kids)

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CBDs Outside North America

answer

prominent structures are churches and former royal palaces on hilltops, public sqs, road junctions; parks first were gardens for good families; European cities-- low-rise structures, narrow streets, medieval times; more people live downtown so more retail services, pedestrian-only sidewalks and shopping streets pedestrian-only (Northern Europe); Rome bans private vehicles bcuz pollution; rents higher in European cities (renovation expensive and not enough space)

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Models of Urban Structure

answer

3 models-- concentric zone, sector, and multiple nuclei models; developed in Chicago; Chicago includes CBD loop bcuz transportation lines, surrounding loop are residential suburbs to south, west, and north

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Models of Urban Structure: Concentric Zone Model

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1st one created, created by EW Burgess in 1923; 1st ring-- CBD (nonresidential); 2nd ring-- zone in transition (industry and poorer quality housing, immigrants and singles); 3rd ring-- zone of working-class homes (modest older houses); 4th ring-- zone of better residences (newer, spacious homes 4 middle class); 5th ring-- commuters' zone (peeps who work in center and live on outskirts in dormitory towns for commuters)

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Models of Urban Structure: Sector Model

answer

areas are attractive for certain activities; as city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge; once a district is established, same activities are built on the outer edge of that district; found highest social-class district moved outward over time in same district;

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Concentric Zone Model Definition

answer

city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings like growth rings of a tree

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Sector Model Definition

answer

Homer Hoyt in 1939; city develops in a series of sectors

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Chicago in Sector and Concentric Zone Model

answer

Burgess-- series of rings broken by Lake Michigan on east; Hoyt-- best housing developed north from CBD along Lake Michigan, industry located along major rail lines and roads to south, southwest, and northwest

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Models of Urban Structure: Multiple Nuclei Model

answer

C.D. Harris and EL Ullman in 1945; nodes include port, neighborhood business center, university, airport or park; this model states some activities are attracted to particular nodes, whereas others try to avoid them

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Multiple Nuclei Model Definition

answer

a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve

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Models of Urban Structure: Geographic Applications of the Models

answer

use of models depend on availablitity of information which comes from the census; census tells us characteristics (nonwhites, median income of all families, and percentage of adults who finished high school) that allows us to compare where various types of people tend to live; critics say these models fail to consider the variety of reasons people live where they do and they question the relevance since research was done between world wars all in the US; people tend to reside in locations depending on their particular personal characteristics

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Census tracts

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an area delineated by the US Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urbanized areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

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social area analysis

answer

statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and life style live within an urban area

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Applying the Models Outside North America

answer

social groups in other countries may not have the same reasons for selecting particular neighborhoods within their cities

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Applying the Models Outside North America: European Cities

answer

unlike US, wealthy Europeans live in inner rings (good retail and pretty restored older buildings); some live in sector extending out from CBD (royal palaces, no factories); Wealthy people lived on bottom floors and poorer peeps lived in higher dark floors (b4 electricity); poorer peeps moved close to factories (Industrial Revolution) so now less likely to live in center; in European cites suburbs like CBD's in America and vise-a-versa; European officials construction of high-density suburbs caused clustering of people with social and economic probs in suburbs not seen by wealthier peeps

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Applying the Models Outside North America: Less Developed Countries

answer

European cities and LDC cities are similar because LDCs passed through stages: pre-European colonization, European colonial period, and post colonial independence

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Less Developed Countries: Pre-Colonial Cities

answer

Few cities existed in Africa, Asia, and Latin America b4 European colonies; peeps lived in rural settlements; cities centered around religious building; Aztecs founded Mexico city and moved in 1325 a few kilometers south; had causeways and drawbridges that linked homeland, and node was Great Temple; moved supplies by canals and fresh water brought by aqueducts

question

Principal Cities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America before European colonies

answer

Latin America-- Mexico, Andean highlands of north-western South America; Africa-- western coast, Egypt's Nile River valley, and Islamic empires in the north and east (as well as in southeast Asia); Asia-- South and East Asia (especially India, China, and Japan)

question

Hierarchical pattern of Cities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America

answer

Centered on religious building; then higher-status businesses related directly to the church; secular businesses (leather, tailors, rug shops, and jewelers); food products and black smiths, basket makers, and potters; then quarter for Jews, quarter for Christians, and a quarter for foreigners

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Less Developed Countries: Colonial Cities

answer

Europeans gained control and made original peeps leave native towns or they demolished them; became centers for colonial services (administration, military command, international trade, and housing); European districts in colonial cities had wider streets and public squares, larger houses surrounded by gardens, and lower density; Aztecs killed, city renamed Mexico City, Cathedral replaced temple; Morocco, New Delhi, and Ho Chi Minh City built on top of old city

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Colonial City layout

answer

gridiron street plan centered on a church and central plaza, walls around individual houses, and neighborhoods built around central smaller plazas with parish churches or monasteries

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Less Developed Countries: Cities Since Independence

answer

Millions of peeps migrate to cities (focal point of change) in LDCs for jobs; Griffin and Ford found in Latin America, wealthy peeps live in elite sectors with retail and entertainment and good, reliable infrastructure; in Mexico City, the boulevard became elite sector bcuz wealthy built palaces along boulevard in late nineteenth century (reforma), and highest place in city so sewage flowed away, and dried up lake caused dust storms, growth (20th) reinforced these difs; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil-- wealthy in center along west shore of Guanabara Bay and Ipanema and Copacabana (view of Atlantic) while poor in north suburbs w/ steep mtns where no construction can take place

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Less Developed Countries: Squatter Settlements

answer

LDC growth for population increase and migration from rural areas for jobs cause housing shortage so poor immigrants to urban areas live in squatter settlements; lack infrastructure, electricity, and transportation; peeps overtime build shelters with what they collect over the years

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Squatter Settlement Definition

answer

an area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

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Inner-City Physical Issues

answer

major physical prob is poor condition of housing built b4 1940 which can be replaced or demolished

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Inner-City Physical Issues: Process of Deterioration

answer

number of low-income residents in city increases, middle-class leave and move to newer housing farther from center and maybe rent their houses to low-income residents; happen within yrs

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Process of Deterioration: Filtering

answer

large houses built in 19th century are divided in smaller houses for low-income families; when rent becomes less than cost of maintenance, landlords stop maintaining them and not even low-income peeps will live there so they are abandoned so now thousands of vacant houses in inner areas of US; low-income inner city neighborhoods are declining in population because of deteriorated conditions so schools and shops close and these peeps move farther from center

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Filtering

answer

process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment

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Process of Deterioration: Redlining

answer

families trying to fix up houses in these areas have a hard time borrowing money; redlining is illegal but is hard to enforce; banks are supposed to make sure inner-city neighborhoods get a fair amount of loans

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Redlining Definition

answer

process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries

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Inner-City Physical Issues: Urban Renewal

answer

National govs grant money to pay North American and European cities to demolish their substandard inner-city housing; destroys social cohesion of older neighborhoods and reduce supply of low-cost housing; called "Negro Removal" in 60s and in 70s most banks stopped funding it

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Urban Renewal Definition

answer

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers

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Urban Renewal: Public Housing

answer

many inner-city houses demolished and replaced by public housing; housing authority runs it and fed gov pays costs not covered by rent; 1% in US and 14% in UK; built in 50s and 60s now unsatisfactory and not a good environment so been demolished in US and Europe; programs fund public housing but diminished by 1 million from 1980-2000 and low-income housing needs grew by 2 million in US; Britain it diminished bcuz gov forcing them to be sold; Britain also expanded nonprofit housing for people with special needs

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Public Housing Definition

answer

housing owned by the gov; in the US, it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set at 30% of the families' incomes

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Urban Renewal: Renovated Housing

answer

some renovate and sell or rent to low-income fams; most cities have at least 1 renovated housing with middle class fams or inner city hoods never deteriorated bcuz of elite that maintained them; middle class peeps are attracted bcuz large houses, cheaper, substantially constructed, certain activities in downtown, and proximity to jobs, and if no kids no worries about schools; where strong gentrification-- whites moving to inner city hoods and hispanic/blacks moving to outer part of city; moves low-income out bcuz of rent so have to reimburse them over 4 yrs and spreads them out by renting renovated houses

question

Gentrification

answer

process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area

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Inner-City Social Issues

answer

inner city hoods have low-income peeps who face many social probs who constitute a permanent underclass who live in a culture of poverty

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Inner-City Social Issues: Underclass

answer

high-rates of unemployment, alcoholism, drug addiction, illiteracy, juvenile delinquency, and crime; lack of facilities and hard to find jobs bcuz lack of education, jobs in suburbs, lack of good schools; homelessness is a prob can't afford housing and no regular income

question

Underclass Definition

answer

group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics

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Inner-City Social Issues: Culture of Poverty

answer

trapped as a permanent underclass bcuz of culture of poverty; single parents must choose b/w job or taking care of kid; gov officials do nothing for mothers who get no child-care from dads; if dad moves home, wife may lose benefits; some inner city peeps turn to drugs who enter gangs to control drug distribution who get into fights with other gangs; wealthy white peeps on one side of city that is attractive, and poor inner city peeps on other side in dull land close to industry

question

Inner-City Economic Issues

answer

financial probs with low-income places especially with severe recession

question

Inner-City Economic Issues: Eroding Tax Base

answer

2 choices for closing gap b/w cost of services and funding available from taxes-- Reduce public services which attracts middle-class residents and industries to move from city or Raise tax revenues-- increase downtown tax base takes scarce funds away from projects in inner city hoods; mid 20th century, probs escalated bcuz of federal gov that shrank budgets in 90s and federal aid declined by 2/3 from 80s

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Inner-City Economic Issues: Impact of the Recession

answer

recession in 2008 started bcuz increase in loans to inner city peeps with low incomes buying their first home despite poor credit history or background checks; investing in housing in US seen as higher rate of return at lower risk especially investing inner-city residents who more likely to rent which is best opportunity for financial institutions to increase # of home owners; in 1st yr of recession 10% peeps behind on mortgage, falling house prices since 2006 exceeded mortgage

question

Urban Expansion

answer

cities previously expanded on the peripheral, now surrounded by suburban jurisdictions whose residents prefer to remain legally independent of large city

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Urban Expansion: Annexation

answer

cities can be annexed if majority of residents vote in favor of it; in 19th century, annexation favored bcuz of city services; now not favored, bcuz accustomed to small towns and prefer to organize their own services and not pay taxes for city to do it

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Annexation Definition

answer

legally adding land area to a city in the US

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Urban Expansion: Defining Urban Settlements

answer

cities now surrounded by suburbs; 3 definitions-- city: a legal entity, Urbanized area: a continuously built-up area, Metropolitan area: a functional area

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City Definition

answer

an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit

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Central City Definition

answer

a city surrounded by suburbs

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Defining Urban Settlements: The City

answer

local gov system recognizes city with legal entities (officials, raise taxes, providing essential services) and fixed boundaries; # tax paying middle-class fams and industries declined by high percentages in cities with great declining population

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Defining Urban Settlements: Urbanized Area

answer

70% of US pop live in urbanized areas (30% central cities and 40% in surrounding jurisdictions); hard to gather statistics on urbanized areas bcuz they do not correspond to gov boundaries

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Urbanized area Definition

answer

In the US, a central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs where population density exceeds 1,000 persons per sq mile

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Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

answer

in the US, a central city of at least 50,000 population, the country within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city

question

Micropolitan statistical areas (uSAs)

answer

an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city

question

Core based statistical areas (CSAs)

answer

in the US, the combination of all metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas

question

Primary census statistical areas (PCSAs)

answer

in the US, all of the combined statistical areas plus all of the remaining metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas

question

Defining Urban Settlements: Metropolitan Statistical Area

answer

there needs to be another definition of urban settlement to account for its more extensive zone of influence on the adjacent jurisdictions; MSA used bcuz many statistics published for counties, the basic building block of MSA; prob with MSA is it might include extensive land area not urban; 366 MSAs-2009 and 574 uSAs-2008 (southern and western communities that were rural, 10% US); 124 CSAs; 124 CSAs+187 MSAs+406 uSAs= PCSAs

question

Council of government Definition

answer

a cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the US

question

Peripheral model Definition

answer

a model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring model

question

Edge cities Definition

answer

a large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area

question

Density Gradient Definition

answer

the change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery

question

Urban Expansion: Local Government Fragmentation

answer

makes it difficult to solve regional problems of traffic, solid waste disposal, and building of affordable housing; 40% of 20,000 local govs are general units (cities, counties), 60% special purposes; Long Island has 800 local govs which causes probs for speed limits, and fire depos; metropolitan govs have been called to replace many local govs

question

Metropolitan gov types

answer

Consolidations of City and County Govs-- Indianapolis boundaries changed, gov functions handled by city and county now in same building. Miami-- combined services but not changed boundaries; Federations-- Toronto metro gov created 1953 fed of 13 municipalities, 2-tier system of gov until 1998 then single gov

question

Urban Expansion: Overlapping Metropolitan Areas

answer

some MSAs overlap; north of Boston- south of Washington DC is Megalopolis "great city" which is one continuous urban complex; Megalopolis has Baltimore, New York, Philadelphia, have urban areas separated by open spaces, peripheries overlap; Washington and Baltimore combined into one MSA after 1990 census and separated again after 2000 census

question

Urban Complexes in world

answer

b/w Chicago and Milwaukee (Great Lakes); south CA-- LA to Tijuana; German Ruhr; Randstad in Netherlands; Japan's Tokaido

question

Peripheral Model

answer

Harris; peripheral lack probs of inner-ciy hoods, points to probs of sprawl and segregation in suburbs; edge cities originated as suburban residences for people who worked in central city and shopping malls followed; now edge cities contain manufact centers and office parks; specialized nodes in edge cities-- public services

question

Peripheral Model: Density Gradient

answer

inner-city hoods have 250 dwellings/hectare; suburbs 10 houses/ hectare; Two changes affect density gradient-- Fewer People Living in Center and Fewer Difs in Density Within Urban Areas (pop decline and abandonment of old housing in center, and construction of apartments and town-house projects on peripheral increase density)

question

Peripheral Model: Cost of Suburban Sprawl

answer

private developers seek cheap land, easy to build on, and large tracts for buyers; developers buy farms not adjacent to built up areas for future individual builders; sprawl caused more taxes for new roads to connect isolated areas, less ag land (really doesn't effect that much), and energy (gas); European land is restricted and greenbelts surrounding London, Birmingham where houses built in planned extensions or in older suburbs; want to protect rural land for ag, recreation, and wildlife (OR, TN, NJ, RI, WA, MD have laws)

question

Sprawl Definition

answer

development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area

question

Greenbelts Definition

answer

a ring of land maintained as parks, ag, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area

question

Smart Growth Definition

answer

legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland

question

Zoning Ordinances Definition

answer

a law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community

question

Suburban Segregation

answer

suburban pop grown faster than overall pop in US; incomes rose in 20th century so more people bought suburban houses to avoid inner city probs; residential suburb segregated in 2 ways-- Segregated Social Classes: single social class (cost, size, location of housing) and Segregated Land Uses: separated from commercial and manufact activities

question

Suburban Segregation: Residential Segregation

answer

In 20th century separated vertically (shop on ground level, then fam, then poor peeps on top; now territorial segregation-houses designed with similar dimensions; zoning ordinances in Europe and North America prevent low-income fam from living in suburbs (high cost, no apartments, property decline); mid-class moves to periphery and inner-city have probs and low-income peeps; inner city can't pay for poorer peeps

question

Suburbanization of Businesses

answer

Manufacturers in periphery with low land cost; service providers moved to suburbs with customers

question

Suburbanization of Businesses: Suburbanization of Retailing

answer

Downtown shops decreasing and urban shops increasing bcuz residential peeps won't make journey; retail now in shopping mall and small shops now supermarkets; 1 or 2 anchors in a successful mall (depot stores), most peeps go to mall for anchors; malls centers for activities in suburb areas lacking community facilities

question

Suburbanization of Businesses: Suburbanization of Factories and Offices

answer

Moved to suburbia for space, cheap land, transportation, low-income peeps can't travel to suburbia, other workers can live in suburbia and drive short distances

question

Transportation and Suburbanization

answer

Trips cause congestion in urban areas; growth of suburbs constrained by poor transportation, not any more

question

Transportation and Suburbanization: Motor Vehicles

answer

Suburban explosion due to flexibility of residence that comes with motor vehicles; US gov promotes use of motor vehicles by policies keeping fuel lower than in Europe and paying 90% interstate highways; 1/4 land in cities are roads and parking lots; European and Japanese cities especially disrupted with development of roads and parking areas; traffic flows can be improved with larger roads or less dependency of roads

question

Transportation and Suburbanization: Public Transit

answer

Heaviest flow of traffic is in and out of CBD in morning and evening; 40% trips in and out of CBD are in 4 hours of the day, 2 in morning and 2 in afternoon

question

Rush hour Definition

answer

The four consecutive 15-min periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic

question

Public Transit: Advantages of Public Transit

answer

Less pollution, more people in less time, less time consuming, and less space occupied; 1/3 high-priced central land devoted to automobiles that cause pollution, more construction, more space and time occupied; funds for public transit provided in recent yrs especially for London and Paris; smaller cities have shared the major city public transportation; growth in suburbs stimulates nonresidential construction (shops, industry and offices)

question

Public Transit: Public Transit in the US

answer

Public transit used primarily for rush-hour in and out of CBD; smaller cities have no public transit; people pick cars for privacy and flexibility despite the wasted money; General motors bought out street cars and replaced them with busses with more flexibility; railroad, trolley, and bus use drastically declined in US; rapid transit (subways and streetcars) increased in US (especially in Boston and Chicago who pioneered construction of subways in median strips of expressways; gov has permitted funds originally for interstates to be used for new rapid transit services (New York replace graffiti subway cars for more hospitable environment); trolley making a comeback in North America; San Diego added most trolley lines; San Diego trolley lines abandoned in 1940s bcuz increased automobile use but making a comeback; lack of public transit to suburbs hinders ability of inner city unemployed peeps to find jobs that don't need skill in suburbs where those jobs are available (some govs provide vans for this probe);

question

Fixed heavy rail

answer

subway

question

Fixed light rail

answer

Streetcars/trolleys

question

Public Transit Circle

answer

Fares do not cover operating costs; patronage declines; expenses rise; increase fair; less people; increase fair; public expenditures pay for cost; operating costs increase

AP Human Geography CH 13: Cities and Urban Land Use – Flashcards

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