Ap Human Geography Terms – Flashcards
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Language
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a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understand to have the same meaning
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Literary Tradition
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a system of written communication
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Standard Language
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A dialect that is well established and most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication
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Official Language
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language used by the gov't for laws, reports, and public objects, such as road signs, money, and stamps
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Toponym
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a name of a place
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BRP (British Received Pronunciation)
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a particular dialect of English; associated with upper-class Britons living in the London area
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Language Branch
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a collection of languages related through a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago
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8 Branches of Indoeuropean
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1) Indo-Iranian 2) Romance 3) Germanic 4) Balto-Slavic 5) Albanian 6) Armenian 7) Greek 8) Celtic
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Language Group
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a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocab
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Creole Language
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language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
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Isogloss
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a word that is not used nationally and has some geographic extent within the country and therefore has boundaries
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3 Dialect Regions in the US
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New England, MIddle Atlantic, Southeastern
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Vulgar Latin
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The latin that was not the standard literary form but a spoken form
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Language Family
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A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. English is part of the Germianic language family
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Mother Tongue
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first language; taught from birth
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Polyglot State
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a state where many languages are spoken (tongues)
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Language Hearth
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a place where a language originates
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Geolinguistics
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the study or science of linguistics in relation to geography.
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Dialect
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A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
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4 Romance Languages
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Spanish, Portugese, French, Italian.
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Other romance languages
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Romanian (romania and moldova), Romansh (Switzerland), Catalan (Andorra), Sardinian (official language of Sardinia) Ladin (Italy), Friulian, ( Ladino
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Origin of Romance Languages
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evolved from Latin
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Castilian
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a dialect of Spain which arose during the Middle Ages; was once an official language
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Diffusion of Spanish and Portugese
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diffused to the Americas by Spanish and Portugese explorers
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Proto-Indo-European
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the existence of a single ancestor; it cannot be proved with certainty
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Colin Renfrew Anataloian Hearth Theory
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believed they diffused from Anatolia westward to Greece and from Greece westward to Italy etc.
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Gimbutas- Kurgan Hearth Theory
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first Proto-Indo-Europeans were the Kurgan people, whose homeland was near Russia and Kazakhstan
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Sinitic Branch
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spoken mostly in China; Mandarin most important
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Distinct characteristics of Chinese
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one word may mean multiple things; chinese languages are also written with a collection of thousands of characters. Most are ideograms
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Main language problem
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difficulty in learning to write bc of large # of characters
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Why Japanese and Korean are distinctive language families
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they are both isolated!!
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How Japanese differs from Chinese?
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Japanese uses both Chinese ideograms but also 2 systems of phonetic symbols like western languages
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How Korean is different
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Korean is not written with ideograms but in a system called hangul
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Afro-Asiatic language family
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includes Arabic and Hebrew as well as number of languages spoken primarily in northern Africa and southwestern Asia
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Location of Altaic and Uralic language families
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Altaic- spoken between Turkey on the west and Mongolia and China on the East Uralic- spoken in Estonia, Finland, and Hungary
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Niger-Congo Language family
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> 95% in sub-saharan Africa speak language *largest branch is BenueCongo
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Nilo-Saharan Language Family
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*spoken by a few hundred people in north-central Africa *divided into 6 branches
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Khoisan Language Language Family
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3rd important language family *Southwest *clicking sounds
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Autronesian Language Family
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spoken by 6% of world's pop, mostly in Indonesia *Madagascar
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Problems that exist in Nigeria
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Nigeria has 493 languages, conflict among people
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extinct languages
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once used but not used anymore
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Hebrew
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most of Bible is in Hebrew
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Celtic
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used to be major language in British isles before Germanic Angles, Jutes, and Saxons invaded. Now only survives in part of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland
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Multilingual problems with Belgium
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S. Belgians- speak French N. Belgians- speak a dialect of Germanic language of Dutch (Flemish) ; antagonism between the 2
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isolated language
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lang. unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any lang. family
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Basque
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best example of isolated language; only lang. currently spoken in Europe that survives from the period before the arrival of Indo-European speakers.
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Iceland
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related to other languages ; changed less than others in Germanic branch
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Lingua Franca
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language spoken in business and commerce to facilitate trade etc
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Pidgin language
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a simplified form of a lingua franca
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English and the internet
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English spread through internet
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Ebonics
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African-American dialect
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Franglais
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a combination of french and english
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Spanglish
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spanish and english
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Denglish
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diffusion of english into german
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Diffusion of English language
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migration/colonization. First diffused west from England to N. America
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How english evolved from invading tribes
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German invasion (Angles, Jutes, Saxons) Norman Invasion (Normandy in France)
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Distinction of English as a language
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simpler and straightforward words
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How US English differs from England English
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differences in vocab and spelling, pronunciation
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Noah Webster
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creator of the first comprehensive American dictionary; wanted America to have distinct form of English
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Dialects occur because of...
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differences in dialects spoken among the original settlers
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The New England states have a more distinct dialect because..
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the establishment of independent and isolated colonies in the 17th century
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The American West was most influenced by...
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East Coast
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branch of Indo-European lang. with most speakers
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Indo-iranian
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Hindi
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used by 1/3 of indians (mostly in the north)
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Urdu
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Pakistan's principle language
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india's official languages
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13 indo-europeans lang., 4 dravidian, and one Sino-Tibetan language
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Iranian languages
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Persian (Iran), Pashto (Eastern/Western Afghanistan), Kurdish (used by kurds of w. Iran, n. Iraq, and Eastern Turkey)- Arabic alphabet
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Slavic
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Russian, Belaruse, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak
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Cyrillic
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used by Montegrans and Serbs
