AP human geo chapter 5 – Flashcards
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Language
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a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understand to have the same meaning.
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Official language
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the one used be the government for laws, reports and public objects.
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standard language
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A dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education and mass communication.
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Dialect
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regional variety of a language distinguished by vocab, spelling and pronunciation
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language branch
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collection of languages related through a common ancestral languages that EXISTED SEVERAL THOUSAND YEARS AGO.
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language family
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collection of languages related through a common language that EXISTED LONG BEFORE RECORDED HISTORY.
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vernacular
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the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region
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trade language
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common language used by merchants who did not speak a common language
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toponym
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a place name especially one derived from a topographical feature.
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Orthography
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the conventional spelling system of a language
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Bi-lingual
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able to speak two languages
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mono-lingual
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speaking only one language
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multi-lingual
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in or using several languages
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Esperanto
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an artificial language devised in 1887 as an international medium of communication based on roots from the chief European languages,
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extinct language
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language once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used
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accent
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a distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language especially are associated with a particular nation, locality or social class.
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pidgin
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A group of people that learns English or another lingua franca may learn a simplified form.
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literary tradition
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language that it written as well as spoken
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lingua franca
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A language of international communication, such as English.
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isolated languages
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languages that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any family
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isogloss
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boundary that separates regions in which different languages uses predominate
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Ideogram
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system of writing used in china and other east Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a sound as is the case for English.
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The people from England migrated with their language to their colonies during the past 4 centuries.
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how did English become widely diffused?
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Angles: southern Denmark. Jutes: Northern Denmark. Saxons: Northwestern Germany.
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name 3 groups of people that came together to form the English language and where they came from.
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German and Norman invasion
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what 2 subsequent invasions added additional words to the evolving English language?
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Vocab, spelling and pronunciation
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what are 3 things that distinguish dialects
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British Received Pronunciation (BRP)
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what is the standard language for English?
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Isolation
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in a single word, why is American English different from that spoken in England?
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Because the area is concentrated with people who speak the same language and dialect.
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why is there a relativity uniform of English (dialect) spoken across this enormous area
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language group
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collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display few differences in grammar and vocab.
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the importance increased when with the soviets unions rise to power, Russian was forced to be learned after ww2.
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how did Russia become the most important East Slavic Language
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Polish (followed by Czech and Slovak)
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what is the most important West Slavic language
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The gov tried to balance the use of both languages. (Later Slovak split from the Czech Republic)
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what happened between the argument of the Czech and Slovak languages?
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Spanish, Portuguese, French and Italian
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the 4 most contemporary Romance languages are...
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the roman army would travel speaking their native language and when they conquered an area they forced the natives to learn and speak their language.
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How did Latin languages diffuse in Europe
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Vulgar Latin
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The Latin people did not write things down they only spoke them.
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Differ somewhat from their European versions.
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why is it that nearly 90 percent of Spanish and Portuguese speakers live outside of Europe.
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Because dialects are using the same language, but different vocab, spelling or pronunciation
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why is it difficult to distinguish individual languages from dialects?
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Creolized language
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Defined as a language that results from the mixing of the colonizers language with the indigenous language.
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Indo-European
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what is the name of the common ancestral languages of all languages discussed in this key issue?
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because all the languages have similar roots
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why is its existence difficult to prove
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46
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Indo-European: (blank) percent of the world's pop. speak this language known as English
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China ,smaller countries in east Asia, 1 billion, Mandarin.
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Sino-Tibetan Family: spoken in republic of (blank) and (blank). (blank) speak the language. There is no single Chinese language, but the most common is (blank)
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6, Indonesia, Javanese
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Austronesian family: Spoken by (blank) percent of the worlds pop. Most speakers live in (blank) The most common language is (blank)
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Arabic, 200, 2, Middle east
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Afro-Asiatic Family: (blank) is a mayor language of the family, It is the most common language. There are (blank) million native speakers and is spoken in (blank) dozen countries in the (blank)
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95, Swahili
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Niger-Congo Family: (blank) percent of the people in sub-Saharan Africa speak this language. (blank) is the most common language
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4, India
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Dravidian Family: spoken by (blank) percent , most living in (blank)
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japan, Japanese
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Japanese Family: Written in part of Chinese Ideograms, speakers live in(blank) and the most common language is (blank)
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turkey, Turkish
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Altaic Family: Commonly spoken in (blank), Is known as (blank)
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Korea, Asian countries
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Korean Family: Not written in Ideograms. The language is spoken is (blank) with barrowed words and sounds from (blank)
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2, Southeast Asia, Vietnamese
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Austro-Asiatic Family: Spoken by (blank) percent of the worlds pop. Most speaker live in (blank) and the most common language is (blank)
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Tialand, neighboring portions of china
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Tia Kadia: Was once a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, spoken in (blank) and (blank)
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Estonia, Finland and Hungary, Proto-Uralic, 7000
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Uralic Family: (blank, blank and blank) speak languages that belong to the Uralic Family. (blank) has been used for (blank) years
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million, North central Africa, Nilo-Saharan
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Nilo-Saharan: Language that is spoken by few(blank) in (blank). A very small percentage speak this language, known as (blank)
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white, southern Africa, Hottentot
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Uses clicking sounds, spoken by (blank) people in (blank), known as (blank)
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In recent centuries the use of English spread around the world primarily through the British Empire, when exploring and conquering lands.
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How has expansion diffusion occurred with English?
