AP Human – Chapter 8 Barrons – Flashcards
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| When did first cities arise? |
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| Thousands of years ago |
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| Where did first cities arise? |
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| where agriculture had gained an early foothold |
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| Where did surplus crops first arise? (actual place names) (4) |
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| -Middle East -China -Peru -Mississippi Valley |
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| Specialization in occupations fueled ______________ and increased demand for ______________? |
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| the growth of cities and increased demand for more agricultural products |
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| In Europe, which two cities grew markedly? |
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| -Athens -Rome |
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| During which time period did Athens and Rome grow markedly? |
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| Classical Period |
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| Interrupting of the blossoming of urban life in Europe, and Western culture lapsed into a stagnant period of few intellectual advances or cultural endeavors, which time period was this? |
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| Middle Ages, "dark ages" |
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| What did the feudal system do? Where did it mostly take place? What time period did it take place in? |
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| Dominating Europe during the Middle Ages, it discouraged urbanism and confined most people to lives as uneducated peasant-farmers. |
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| What are feudal cities? |
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| Cities that arose during the Middle Ages and that actually represent a time of relative stagnation in urban growth. This system fostered a dependent relationship between wealthy landowners and peasants who worked their land, providing very little alternative economic opportunities. |
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| Where were cities prospering during the dark ages, Middle Ages? (6) |
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| -outside Europe -Middle East -Far East -Indian subcontinent -Mesoamerica -South America |
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| When did the Renaissance Period occur? |
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| 1350-1650 |
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| What happened during the Renaissance Period? |
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| European culture was reborn, cities became vibrant centers of learning |
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| When did the Hundred Years War end? |
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| 1453 |
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| What are the great European cities that emerged during the Renaissance Period? (6) |
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| -Dublin -Madrid -Prague -Vienna -Amsterdame -Barcelona |
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| During the Renaissance Period, northern and Western Europe began to compete in which? (3) |
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| -size -wealth -complexity |
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| When did the Colonial Period occur? |
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| From start of Renaissance thru the 19th Century |
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| During the Colonial Period, where did most of the world's greatest cities and most sophisticated cultures were located? |
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| Americas |
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| During the Colonial Period, which city was the largest and richest? |
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| Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan |
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| What tore the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan apart? (3) |
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| European trickery, armaments, diseases |
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| What are colonial cities? |
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| Cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cites, compleately overating their infrastructures. |
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| Tenochtitlan is nearest which large city? |
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| Mexico City |
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| When did urbanism really explode? What is the name for the time period? Where did it begin? Where did it spread? |
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| 18th century, Industrial Revolution, England, Western Europe and North America |
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| In the US, what two cities stimulated tremendous population growth? The became centers for what? (4) |
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| -Manchester -Chicago they became centers for: -processing -manufacturing -shipping -financing |
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| By 1930, _______ had over 3 million inhabitants, one of the world's fastest growing industrial centers. |
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| Chicago |
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| Immigrants in Chicago created? (2) |
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| -cultural diversity -urban unrest |
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| African Americans from Mississippi, Louisiana and elsewhere migrated to Chicago hoping to flee the _______________ & hope to _____________________? |
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| oppressively racist South, take advantage of new opportunities in urban factories |
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| Competition for homes/jobs in Chicago led to? (2) Which led to what? |
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| -suspicion -prejudice Which led to: Chicago race riots of 1919 |
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| When did Chicago begin to develop ghettos? |
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| about 100 years ago |
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| What are two examples of gateway cities? |
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| -New York -San Francisco |
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| Why did New York and San Francicso grow in the 19th century? |
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| strategic economic advantages owing to their locations |
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| What are gateway cities? |
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| Cities that, because of their geographic location, act as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas. |
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| What was the Industrial Revolution? |
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| Period characterize by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occured in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. |
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| Which two cities have been called "the gateway to the West"? |
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| -St. Louis -San Francisco |
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| When was gold discovered? |
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| 1849 |
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| Where was gold discovered? |
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| California's Sierra Nevada Mountains |
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| Comparing cities in different regions? |
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| provides a great way for understanding the structures of urban environments. |
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| Cities are frequently products of? |
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| -similar cultures -related histories |
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| When did many of Europe's great cities matured? |
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| Medieval Period |
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| What are Medieval Cities? |
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| Cities that developed in Europe during the Medieval Period and that contain such unique features as extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, and ornate church that prominently marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center that provided defense against attack. |
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| Since the Medieval Period, many such cities have? (3) |
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| -jumped their walls -spread out to the surrounding contryside -still contain a central medieval core |
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| Example of Medieval Cities in Italy? (2) |
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| -Montepulciano -Assisi |
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| What is an example of an Islamic city? |
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| Mecca in Saudi Arabia |
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| What is the basis for an Islamic city? |
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| teachings of Muslim faith |
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| What are Islamic Cities? |
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| Cities in Muslim countries that owe their structure to their religious beliefs. Islamic cities contain mosques at their center and walls guarding their perimeter. Open-air markets, courtyards surrounded by high walls, and dead-end streets, which limit foot traffic in residential neighborhoods, also characterize Islamic cities. |
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| What color are Islamic buildings? Why? What about the roofs? |
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| -light colored surfaces reflect sunlight -roofs designed to capture and recycle rainwater efficiently |
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| What are Latin American cities? |
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| Cities in Latin America that owe much of their structure to colonialism, the rapid rise od industrialization, and continual rapid increases in population. Similar to other coloinal cities, they also demonstrate distinctive sectors of industrial or residential development radiating out from the central buisness district (CBD), where most industrial and financial activity occurs. |
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| How are Latin American cities laid out? |
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| distintive sectors of industrial or residential development radiating out like the spokes of a wheel from the CBD |
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| What is an example of a Latin American city? |
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| Mexico City |
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| What was the Beaux Arts? |
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| This movement within city planning and urban design that stressed the marriage of older, classical formes with newer, industrial ones. COmmon characteristics of this period include wide throughfares, spacious parks, and civic monuments that stressed progress, freedom, and national unity. |
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| Where was the beaux arts centered in? (2) |
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| -Paris -Vienna |
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| What was the City Beautiful movement? |
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| Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world. |
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| What is an example of the City Beautiful movement? |
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| Chicago |
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| Where can one find Modern Architecture? This was the world's greatest expression of modernist planning. |
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| Brasilia, Brazil |
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| What is Modern Architecture? |
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| Point of view, wherein cities and buildings are thought to act like well-oiled machines, with little energy spent on frivolous details or ornate designs. Efficient, geometrical structures made of concrete and glass dominated urban forms for 1/2 a century while this view prevailed. |
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| Modern architecture conveys a sense of??? (3) |
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| -futuristic order -scientific progress -industry |
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| When did Modern Architecture come into effect? |
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| Mid-20th Century |
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| What is Postmodern Architecture? |
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| A reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture. Postmodernism uses older, historical styles and a sense of lightheartedness and eclecticism. Buildings combine pleasent-looking forms and playful colors to convey new ideas and to create spaces that are more people-frendly than their modernist predecessors. |
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| What are the three models of urban environments? |
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| -concentric zone model -hoyt sector model -multiple nuclei model |
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| What is the concentric zone model? |
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| Model that describes urban environments as a series of rings of distinct land uses radiating out from a central core, or central business district. |
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| What is the relationship between land value and space in the concentric zone model? |
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| The value of land decreases as you go farther out from the CBD and in the last ring it spikes up again because of the vast open expanses of land. |
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| What is an example of the concentric zone model? |
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| Chicago |
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| What is the multiple nuclei model? |
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| Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place. |
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| What does a multiple nuclei model lack?? However it "makes up" with what? |
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| A city that adheres to the multiple nuclei model lacks a strong central core or a CBD, but instead had numerous "nodes" of buisness and cultural activity. |
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| What are nodes? An example? |
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| Geographical centers of activity. A large city, such as Los Angeles, has numerous nodes. |
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| What are some of Los Angeles' nodes? |
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| -Santa Monica -Hollywood -Westwood -Pasadena |
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| What is the Sector Model? |
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| A model or urban land us that places the CBD in the middle with wedge-shaped sectors radiating outwards from the center along transportation corridors. |
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| What are examples of corridors in a sector model? (3) What do they affect? (2) |
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| -wide boulevards -train tracks -waterways they affect: -land values -certain types of development |
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| What is an example of the sector model? |
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| Mexico City |
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| What are examples of multiple nuclei model locally? |
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| Boca, Boynton, Ft. Laud, Miami (South Florida) |
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| When trying to group cities into categories and model types, what does one have to remember? |
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| Cities don't match any model perfectly and that each city's urban organization is tied to both to its unique history and physical geography. |
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| During the 20th century what trend was developing in the US and Europe? |
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| ghettoization of inner cities |
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| What is ghettoization? |
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| A process occuring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources. |
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| What are suburbs? |
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| Residential communities, located outside of city centers, that are usually relatively homogenous in terms of population. |
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| What is inner city decay? |
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| Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. Because of these changes, the inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty. |
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| What were two cities that experianced inner city decay? |
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| -Detroit, Michigan -Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
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| Which cities have reversed the inner city decay? |
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| Pittsburgh, Baltimore |
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| What is urban revitalization? |
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| The process occuring in some urban areas experiencing inner city decay that usually involves the construction of new shopping districts, entertainment venues, and cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals back into the cities where nightlife and culture are more accessible. |
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| What is another name for young urban professionals? |
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| yuppies |
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| What is gentrification? |
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| A trend of middle- and upper-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture but also replacing low-income populations, and changing the social character of certain neighborhoods. |
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| What is the most important factor affecting the development of contemporary cities? |
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| transportation |
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| What is limited by their transportation options? |
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| People's mobility |
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| What is an example of the typical urban sprawl in the US? |
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| Los Angeles |
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| What is urban sprawl? |
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| The process of expansive suburban development over areas spreading out from a city, in which the automobile provides the primary source of transportation. |
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| What does urban sprawl increase? (4) |
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| -segregation -pollution caused by long car commutes -degrades a sense of community that people who live close to the places where they work tend to have -takes up open spaces important for public recreation and wildlife habitat |
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| What is segregation? |
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| The process that results from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave the city center for homogenous suburban neighborhoods. This process isolates those individuals who cannot afford to consider relocating to subruban neighborhoods and must remain in certain pockets of the central city. |
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| What is an exurbanite? |
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| Person who has left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas. |
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| What has urban sprawl induce the formation of? |
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| edge cities |
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| What are edge cities? |
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| Cities that are located on the outskirts of larger cities and serve many of the same functions of urban areas, but in a sprawling, decetralized suburban environment. |
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| What is an example of the edge city? Where is it near? |
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| Tyson's Corner, Virginia; Washington D.C. |
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| How did Europeans an Canadians managed to limit urban sprawl? |
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| -long-range planning -efficient public transportation -establisment of urban growth boundaries |
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| What are urban growth boundaries? Example of city with a good urban growth boundaries? |
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| Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city. Toronto, Canada |
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| Toronto Canada uses what to create a livable and sustainable urban environment? (3) |
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| -smart growth policies -efficient transportation networks -consolidated regional government |
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| Which city in the US tried to incorporate an urban growth boundary model? |
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| Portland, Oregon |
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| What does the U.S. Census Bureau define cities as? |
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| by their metropolitan areas |
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| What are metropolitan areas? |
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| Within the US, an urban area consisting of one or more whole county units, usually containing several urbanized areas, or suburbs, that all act together as a coherent economic whole. |
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| A city is not solely contained within its spatially defined city limits, it is more accurately conceived in terms of ??? |
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| social and economic relationships within its region |
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| What are metropolitan areas based on? |
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| Central Place Theory |
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| What is Central Place Theory? |
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| A theory formed by Walter Christaller in the early 1900s that explains the size and distribution of cities in terms of a competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations. So according to the central place theory, large cities serve as the economic hucs of their regions because they provide a great variety of goods and services that aren't available in smaller communities. |
