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Absolutism

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The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally

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Abstract Expressionism

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No identifiable subject matter. Expresses feelings of artists. Emphasized spontaneous personal expression, freedom from accepted artistic values. Pollack

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Act of Union

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1701 act of Parliament uniting England and Scotland into one kingdom: Great Britain. Intended to strengthen England against France. Abolished the Scottish Parliament.

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Konrad Adenauer

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The first chancellor of West Germany; he was able to establish a stable democratic government (1876-1967)

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Gustavus Adolphus

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Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632)

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Agatir

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Moroccan Crisis: The site of the landing of the German gunboat in Morocco in 1911. William II tried to force the French to make concessions to Germany in Africa. Like the first crisis, this one drew Britain and France closer together

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Age of Absolutism

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1650-1789, a purposeful attempt by European rulers to attend their royal or dynastic control over all aspects of life in the lands they ruled

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Age of Anxiety

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time between 1918 and 1950 when the meaning of lifewas being questioned around the world because of the harsh brutality of World War I, impersonal attitudes, pessimism for future

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Age of Metternich

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period of time in Europe in which reactionaries ruled. During which there was a lot ot opposition and revolt from countries trying to establish their own freedom such as Poland and Greece

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Age of Montesquieu

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first phase of the french revolution-tennis court oath, national assembly, etc

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Age of Rousseau

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second phase of the French Revolution-Republic, execution of Louis, Committee of Public Safety, Reign of Terror, Thermidorian Rebellion, Directory

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Agricultural Revolution

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The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled

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Alexander II

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Reforming czar who emancipated the serfs and introduced some measure of representative local government (1855-1881)

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Alexander III

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Politically reactionary czar who promoted economic modernization of Russia (1881-1894)

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Algecira

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Moroccan Crisis: The site of the 1906 conference in Spain at which German involvement in Morocco was rebuffed by Britain and France acting in unison

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Algerian Liberation Movement

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An eight-year struggle by Algeria to secure independence from French colonial control; the goal was finally achieved in 1962

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American Revolution

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This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

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Ancien Regime (Old Regime)

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France prior to the French Revolution

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Anschluss

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The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938

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Appeasement

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The making of concessions to an adversary in the hope of avoiding conflict. The term is most often used in reference to the meeting between Hitler and British prime minister Chamberlain in Munich, where agreement was made, in September 1938, to cede the Sudetenland (the German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia) to Germany

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Saint Thomas Aquinas

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He believed that Christianity's premises and date came from divine revelation rather than from empirical observation. Theology was considered a science, and he was a scholastic. Wrote Summa Theologica

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Aristotelian-Ptolemaic Cosmology

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The geocentric view of the universe that prevailed from the fourth century B.C. to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and accorded with the church teachings and Scriptures

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Armada

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Spanish vessels defeated in the English Channel by an English fleet, thus preventing Philip II's invasion of England (1588)

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Army Order Number 1

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An order issued to the Russian military when the provisional government was armed. It deprived officers of their authority and placed power in elected committees of common soldiers. This led to the collapse of army discipline

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Article 231

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Provision of the Versailles Treaty that blamed Germany for World War I

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Arkwright

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Invented the water frame and steam engine

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Atlantic Alliance

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Alliance between Thatcher, Kohl, and Reagan over the control of the Atlantic

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Atlantic Charter

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The joint declaration, in August 1941, by Roosevelt and Churchill, stating common principles for the free world; self-determination, free choice of government, equal opportunities for all nations for trade, permanent system of general security and disarmament

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Sir Francis Bacon

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He gave science a progressionist bias. Science has as a practical purpose the goal of human improvement. His greatest achievement was persuading others that scientific thought must conform to empirical experience. Wrote Novum Organum

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Michael Bakunin

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Radical Russian, advocated revolutionary violence. He believed that revolutionary movements should be led by secret societies who would seize power, destroy the state, and create a new social order (1814-1876)

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Vasco de Balboa

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First European to reach the Pacific Ocean

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Banalites

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Fees that French peasants were obligated to pay landlords for the use of the village mill, bakeshop, and winepress

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Baroque

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The sensuous and dynamic style of art of the Counter-Reformation. Characterized by violent movement, strong emotion and dramatic lighting and color. Rembrant, Caravaggio

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Bastille

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The political prison and armory stormed on July 14, 1789, by Parisian city workers alarmed by the king's concentration of the troops at Versailles

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Bayle

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Wrote Dictionary. A religous skeptic who attacked superstition, religous attitudes, and dogmatism.

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Simone de Beauvoir

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Existentialist and feminist who has written on the psychology and social position of women (1908-1986)

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Cesare Beccaria

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Author of Of Crime and Punishment. He attacked both torture and capital punishment. He believed criminal justice should ensure speedy trial and sure punishment which was intended to deter further crime. Law was to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of human beings

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Beer Hall Putsch

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Hitler's attempt, in 1923, to overthrow the Weimar Republic when he fired his pistol in the ceiling of a Munich beer hall

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Beethoven

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(1770-1827) French, purely Romantic composer, transformed the art of music. Used music to convey his feelings of what was going on in the world around him, such as the many French revolutions of that time; Third Symphony, also called the Eroica (originally written for Napoleon) and Ninth Symphony, composed when he was completely deaf

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Jeremy Bentham

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British theorist and philosopher known for his work, Principles of Morals and Legislation, proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number (1748-1832)

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Berlin Wall

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Concrete barrier constructed by the Soviets in August 1961 between West Berlin and East Berlin to prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West (In 1990, the wall was torn down.)

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Eduard Bernstein

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Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet- i.e., by cooperating with the bourgeois members of Parliament and securing electoral victories for his party (the SDP) (1850-1932)

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Henry Bessemer

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Englishman who developed the first efficient method for the mass production of steel

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Bill of Rights

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Document declaring that sovereignty resided with the Parliament (1689)

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Otto von Bismarck

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Prussian chancellor who engineered a series of wars to unify Germany under his authoritarian rule (1815-1898)

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Black Death

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The bubonic plague that struck Europe in the mid-fourteenth century and killed from one third to one half of the population before it ran its course after 1600

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Black Hand

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The Serbian secret society alleged to be responsible for assassinating Archduke Francis Ferdinand (Princeps)

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Black Shirts

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The private army of Mussolini

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Louis Blanc

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Wrote the Organization of Work (1840) which proposed the use of competition to eliminate competition. It was the first step toward a future socialist society. Advocated the principle of "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs."

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Blank Check

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Reference to the full support provided by William II to Austria-Hungary in its conflict with Serbia. Also refers to the promise of support given by Russia to Serbia to develop of Slavic state

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Blitzkreig

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A lightning war using planes, tanks, artillery, and mechanized infantry to knock out the opponent swiftly

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Giovanni Boccaccio

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His works portrayed lecherous friars, ambitious merchants, and a frankly acquisitive, sensual and secular society. Wrote Decameron

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Bolshevik

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Left-wing, revolutionary Marxists headed by Lenin (majority men)

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Jacques Boussuet

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He held fast to the Old Testament belief that rulers were divinely appointed by and answerable only to God. Wrote Politics Drawn of Holy Scripture

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Boyar

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Russian noble

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Willy Brandt

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Chancellor of West Germany in the late 1960s; he sought to improve relations with the states of Eastern Europe (1913-)

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Brethren of the Common Life

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Pious laypeople in sixteenth-century Holland who initiated a religious revival in their model of Christian living

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Leonid Brezhnev

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Soviet leader who helped oust and then replace Khrushchev (1907-1982)

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Brezhnev Doctrine

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Policy proclaimed in 1968 and declaring that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any Socialist country whenever it determined there was a need

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Brown Shirts

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Hitler's private army of supporters, also known as the SA (Sturm Abteilung)

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Bundesrat

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The upper house, or Federal Council, of the German Diet (legislature)

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Edmund Burke

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Member of the British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought (1729-1797)

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Burschenschaften

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Politically active students around 1815 in the German States proposing unification and democratic principles

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Cahier de Doleances

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List of grievances that each Estate drew up in preparation for the summoning of the Estates-General in 1789

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John Calvin

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A French theologian who established a theocracy in the Geneva and is best known for his theory of predestination. Bible is the sole word of God. Helped create the protestant work ethic. Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion (1509-1564)

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Albert Camus

answer

French existentialist who stated that in spite of the general absurdity of human life, individuals could make rational sense out of their own existence through meaningful personal decision making (1913-1960)

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Carbonari

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Italian secret societies calling for a unified Italy and republicanism after 1815

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Carlsbad Decrees

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Repressive laws in the German States limiting freedom of speech and dissemination of liberal ideas in the universities (1819)

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Castiglione

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He knew that the ideal man was many talented, including artistic, intellectual and physical skills. Wrote regarding manners. Wrote Book of the Courtier

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"Cat and Mouse Act"

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Law that released suffragettes on hunger strikes from jail and then rearrested and jailed them again (1913)

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Catherine de Medicis

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The wife of Henry II (1547-1559) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons (1547-1589)

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Catherine the Great

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An "enlightened despot" of Russia whose political policies of reform were aborted under pressure of rebellion by serfs (1762-1796)

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Catholic Counter Reformation

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The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in which it tried to reform itself. (1545-1563)

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Catholic Emancipation Bill

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Enabled Catholics to hold public office for the first time (1829)

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Benvenuto Cellini

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A goldsmith and sculptor who wrote an autobiography, famous for its arrogance and immodest self-praise (1500-1571)

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Charles I

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Stuart king who brought conflict with Parliament to a head and was consequently executed (1625-1649)

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Charles II

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Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum (1660-1685)

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Charles V

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Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands. He was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation (1519-1556)

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Cheka

answer

The secret police under Lenin and his Communist Party

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Church Statute of 1721

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A Holy Synod that replaced the office of patriarch. All of its members (lay and religious) had to swear allegiance to the czar

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Classic Liberalism

answer

Middle class (bourgeois) doctrine indebted to the writings of the philosophes, the French Revolution, and the popularization of the Scientific Revolution. Its political goals were self government; a written constitution; natural rights (speech, religion, press, property, mobility); limited suffrage; its economic goals were laissez-faire

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Code Napoleon

answer

The codification and condensation of laws assuring legal equality and uniformity in France

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Colbert

answer

The financial minister under the French king Louis XIV who promoted mercantilist policies (1619-1683)

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Cold War

answer

An intense conflict between the superpowers using all means short of a military might to achieve their respective ends

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Christopher Columbus

answer

First European to sail to the West Indies, 1492 (1446-1506)

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Commercial Revolution

answer

the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

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Committee of Public Safety

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The leaders under Robespierre who organized the defenses of France, conducted foreign policy, and centralized authority during the period 1792-1795

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Common Market

answer

Another name for the European Economic Community, which created a free-trade area among the Western European countries

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Communism

answer

a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

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August Comte

answer

History is divided into three stages: theological, works by God's will; metaphysical, works by natural law; scientific, forget generalizations and stick to facts. Wrote The Course of Positive Philosophy

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Concert of Europe

answer

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

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Concordat of 1801

answer

Napoleon's arrangement with Pope Pius VII to heal religious division in France with a united Catholic church under bishops appointed by the government

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Concordat of Bologna

answer

Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right for the government to nominate all French bishops and abbots (1516)

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Condorcet

answer

Author of Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind

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Condottiere

answer

A mercenary soldier of a political ruler

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Congress of Vienna

answer

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

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Conservative Party

answer

Formerly the Tory Party, headed by Disraeli in the nineteenth century

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Constitutional Democrats

answer

Also known as the Cadets, the party of the liberal bourgeoisie in Russia

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Constitutionalism

answer

The theory that power should be shared between rulers and their subjects, and the state governed according to laws

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Continental System

answer

Napoleon's efforts to block foreign trade with England by forbidding importation of British goods into Europe

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Nicholaus Copernicus

answer

Polish astronomer who posited a heliocentric universe in place of a geocentric universe (1473-1543)

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Corn Laws

answer

Repealed in 1846. They had imposed a tariff on imported grain and were a symbolic protection of aristocratic landholdings

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Hernando Cortez

answer

Conquerer of the Aztecs, 1519-1521

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Corvees

answer

Road work; obligation of French peasants to landowners

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Council for Mutual Economic Aid (Comecon)

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An economic alliance, founded in 1949, to coordinate the economic affairs of the Soviet Union and its satellite countries.

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Council of People's Commissars

answer

The new government set up by Lenin following the Red Guard seizure of government buildings on November 6, 1917

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Council of Trent

answer

The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities that met intermittently from 1545-1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with Protestants

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Count Cavour

answer

Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve the unification of Italy (1810-1861)

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Count of Saint-Simon

answer

Government should be directed by scientists, not politicians, who understood the operation of the modern industrial economy. Government should serve interests of the people. Wrote The New Christianity

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Coup d'état

answer

Overthrow of those in power

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Courbet

answer

French painter noted for his realistic depiction of everyday scenes (1819-1877)

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Crimean War

answer

Conflict ostensibly waged to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, in actuality to gain a foothold in the Black Sea. Turks, Britain, and France forced Russia to sue for peace. The Treaty of Paris (1856) forfeited Russia's right to maintain a war fleet in the Black Sea. Russia also lost the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia (1853-1856)

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Oliver Cromwell

answer

The principal leader and a gentry member of the Puritans in Parliament (1559-1658)

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Crystal Night (Krystallnacht)

answer

The November 1938 destruction, by Hitler's brown Shirts and mobs, of Jewish shops, homes, and synagogues

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Cubism

answer

Employs an analytical vision based on fragmentation and multiple viewpoints. Attempts to break down nature into basic geometric forms (cubes, rectangles, triangles, etc.) Braque, Picasso

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Dadaism

answer

Horrified by WWI, artists rebelled against Western Civilization art. Rejects accepted aesthetic standards. Creates anti-art, often employing a sense of the absurd. Irrational, nonsensical, outrageous. Duchamp

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Charles Darwin

answer

British scientist whose Origin of Species (1859) proposed the theory of evolution based on his biological research. He argued that chance differences among members of a species help some to survive while others die (1809-1882)

question

Dawes Plan

answer

The provision of U.S. loans to Germany to help meet reparation payments, which were also reduced (1924)

question

Francis Deak

answer

Magyar, who forced Franz Joseph to agree to the Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich) which created the Dual Monarchy of Austria- Hungary (1803-1876)

question

Decolonization

answer

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence

question

Decemberist

answer

Russian revolutionaries calling for constitutional reform in the early nineteenth century

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Decembrist Revolt

answer

The 1825 plot by liberals (upper-class intelligentsia) to set up a constitutional monarchy or a republic. The plot failed, but the ideals remained

question

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

answer

Document that embodied the liberal revolutionary ideals and general principles of the philosophes' writings (August 27, 1789)

question

Decolonization

answer

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947-1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence

question

Defenestration of Prague

answer

The hurtling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War

question

Deism

answer

The belief that God has created the universe and set it in motion to operate like clockwork. God is literally in the wings watching the show go on as humans forge their own destiny

question

Delacroix

answer

This French painter was important to French Romantic art. He often used his painting to convey a political message, and he is best known for his painting depicting the socialist revolution of 1830: Liberty Leading the People.

question

Rene Descartes

answer

Deductive thinker whose famous saying cogito ergo sum ("I think, therefore I am") challenged the notion of truth as being derived from tradition and Scriptures

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Destalinization

answer

social process of neutralizing the influence of Joseph Stalin by revising his policies and removing monuments dedicated to him and renaming places named in his honor

question

Detente

answer

Reference to the period of relaxation or thaw in relations between the superpowers during Khrushchev's rule in the Soviet Union

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Dialectical Materialism

answer

The idea, according to Karl Marx, that change and development in history results from the conflict between social classes. Economic forces impel human beings to behave in socially determined ways

question

Bartholemew Diaz

answer

First European to reach the southern tip of Africa, 1487-1488

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Charles Dickens

answer

English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)

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Denis Diderot

answer

One of the authors of the Encyclopedia

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Diggers and Levellers

answer

Radical groups in England in the 1650s who called for the abolition of private ownership and extension of the franchise

question

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