AP European History Chapter 28 – Flashcards
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World War II not only devastated the countries, cities, peoples, and cultures of Europe, but also destroyed A. American commitment to globalism in foreign policy B. Europe supremacy in world affairs C. Any commitment of old and new nations around the globe to supranational bodies of diplomacy and conflict resolution D. The capacity of western European nations to forge lasting economic and cultural ties in the post-war world E. The trans-Atlantic partnership
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B
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Essentially, the Cold War is best described as A. A non-shooting war that developed over socioeconomic differences between the two superpowers B. A clash of political objectives in post-war Poland C. Differences over how Western Europe nations should be aligned with clear borders D. A purely ideological struggle between capitalism and communism E. Clash of Soviet and American ideologies over the most secure geopolitical arrangement of peoples and nations in the aftermath of World War II
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E
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The first area of conflict in the unfolding of the Cold War was A. Scandinavia B. Western Europe C. North Africa D. Eastern Europe E. East Asia
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D
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A key factor contributing to the development of the Cold War in Eastern Europe was A. The withdrawal of victorious Russian armies from lands conquered during the campaign against Nazism B. Raids by American troops pursuing German Nazi war criminals into areas of the former Third Reich under Russian control C. Stalin's desire to establish pro-Soviet governments in the countries of Eastern Europe to serve as a buffer zone against possible western attacks on the Soviet Union D. The domination of Austrian and Italian politics by popular pro-Communist parties E. The threat to continued instability by the rise of neo-fascist parties
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C
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The Truman Doctrine was a consequence of a civil war in A. Yugoslavia B. Greece C. Italy D. Czechoslovakia E. Poland
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B
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The Truman Doctrine did all of the following except A. Condemn the victory of the Communists in the Chinese civil war B. Call for $400 million in aid for nations threatened by aggression C. Assistance in the defense of Greece and Turkey D. Express America's fear of Communist expansion in Europe E. Announce the United States' intention to support "free peoples" throughout the world
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A
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The Marshall Plan A. Was viewed by Western Europe as Capitalist imperialism B. Included Soviet Union and Eastern Europe C. Was not considered a success D. Came to an abrupt end with the imposition of the Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union E. Intended to rebuild European prosperity and stability
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E
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In 1948, the Soviets blocked western access to A. Vienna B. Warsaw C. Berlin D. Munich E. Prague
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C
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A critical event causing the development of the Cold War outside of Europe was the A. Popularity of Communism in the Middle East B. Overthrow of the Japanese government by pro-Soviet radicals in 1951 C. Victory in 1949 of Communist forces in the Chinese Civil War D. Defeat of Fidel Castro's pro-Communist forces in Cuba E. The independence of "India" in 1947 that upset the balance of power in South Asia
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C
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The Communist military response to the formation of NATO was the A. Moscow Alliance B. Warsaw Pact C. Eastern European Community D. Stalin Plan E. European Economic Community
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B
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An overall effect of the Korean War on the Cold War was A. The Soviet Union's domination over all of Southeast Asia B. The end of American and Soviet involvement in Asian political affairs C. The reinforcement of the American determination to "contain" Soviet power D. A decrease in American defense spending since the capacity of the West to win the conflict outright on the battlefield demonstrated the superiority of modern weapons systems and no need to develop new war machines E. The continued willingness to use limited nuclear weapons in local wars
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C
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The Cold War policy adopted in the mid-1950s by the Eisenhower administration was A. containment B. detente C. MAD (mutually assured destruction) D. massive retaliation E. all of the above
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D
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The Warsaw Pact included all of the following nations except A. Poland B. Bulgaria C. Yugoslavia D. Hungary E. Czechoslovakia
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C
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The policy created in 1947 and used by the Americans against Communism was called A. massive retaliation B. containment C. appeasement D. curtailment E. mutually assured destruction (MAD)
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B
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The event that immediately preceded and sparked the Cuban Missile Crisis was A. the Berlin Wall B. Sputnik C. the death of Stalin D. the Bay of Pigs E. the attempted assassination of Fidel Castro by the CIA
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D
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The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 concluded with A. improved communications between the US and the Soviet Union to prevent nuclear war B. the installation of Soviet missiles in Cuba C. the United States overthrowing Cuba's Soviet-supported government D. John Kennedy backing down to the threats of Nikita Khrushchev E. Fidel Castro giving up his military authority in the Cuban government, although he retained political control
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A
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The origins of the Vietnam War, in part, lie in the process of decolonization because A. the division of Vietnam into antagonistic northern and southern states occurred after Vietnamese military forces had defeated the French, former governors of the region B. the North Vietnamese employed mercenary soldiers from various new post-colonial AFrican states in a local war of liberation C. the United Nations, seeking to establish the post-colonial principle of national self-determination, encouraged North Vietnamese radicals to break with the West D. the Japanese, having lost their former empire in the Pacific, now provoked unrest in continental Asia by attempting to achieve hegemony in the region E. The Soviets supported South Vietnam against North Vietnam, because the latter was a threat to Soviet hegemony in Asia
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A
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African independence parties were usually led by A. Western-educated intellectuals B. unemployed urban workers C. Moscow-trained Communists D. disgruntled peasants, fearful of being besieged by western agricultural surpluses E. religious leaders, both Christian and Muslim
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A
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The French colony in Africa which experienced considerable guerrilla war against French rule was A. Algeria B. Tunisia C. Libya D. Morrocco E. the Sudan
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A
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The Middle Eastern political leader who promoted Pan-Arabism and who advocated a sharing of Middle Eastern oil wealth equally among the Arab states was A. Yasir Arafat B. Saddam Hussein C. Anwar al-Sadat D. the Shah of Iran E. Gamal Abdul Nasser
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E
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The one issue on which the Arab states were united was A. the Suez Canal B. equal sharing in oil revenues C. Palestine D. a sympathy for Communism E. the worship of Allah
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C
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The Indian politician who pursued a policy of neutrality in the Cold War and who attempted to provide leadership to the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa was A. Mahatma Gandhi B. Indira Gandhi C. Suharto D. Sukarno E. Jawaharlal Nehru
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E
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"An orgy of blood" refers to A. the Vietnam War B. the separation of Pakistan from India C. the victory of Mao Zedong over the Chinese Nationalists D. Nikita Khrushchev's condemnation of Stalin E. the Korea debacle
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B
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The Great Leap Forward was A. Stalin's stated philosophy for his last five-year plan B. the radicalization of the feminist movement C. Mao Zedong's effort to achieve a classless society and the final stage of communism D. the missile race between the United States and the Soviet Union E. Mao Zedong's New Economic Policy, modeled on Lenin's economic reforms int he early 1920s
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C
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The economic policies of Stalin a. completely overtaxed a war-damaged industrial plant as production of material goods long failed to surpass prewar levels B. were unrealistic since Russia lacked readily accessible natural resources and fossil fuels C. managed to produce both "guns and butter," that is rearmed the Soviet military while providing cheap and plentiful consumer goods D. instituted a modified free-market capitalism in all economic areas except for heavy industry E. emphasized the development of heavy industry and the production of modern weapons space vehicles
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E
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The economic policies of Nikita Khrushchev int he 1950s and early 1960s A. were a continuation of Stalinist policies B. were a great success C. failed to benefit the Soviet economy and industry D. focused on building the economy on luxury goods E. made the Soviet Union completely and permanently self-sufficient in agricultural foodstuffs
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C
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An example of the relaxation of repressive Stalinism during Khrushchev's regime was the publication of A. his own autobiography B. Stalin's "Last Will and Testament" C. Trotsky's Dr. Zhivago D. Solzhenitsyn's "A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" E. the Bible and the Koran for the first times since the Revolution of 1917
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D
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Yugoslavia from World War II through the 1970s was characterized by A. its close alliance with the West in the Cold War B. a strict adherence to Stalinist-style Communism C. the leadership of Tito, who asserted Yugoslavia's independence from the Soviet Union D. its adoption of a Maoist rather than the Stalinist model of communism E. its complete rejection of Marxism economics
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C
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The independence movement in Hungary in 1956 resulted in A. the end of Communist rule in Hungary B. the leadership of Imry Nagy for the next thirty years C. the creation of a federal republic D. the permanent weakening of the Warsaw Pact E. armed Soviet intervention and reassertion of Communist leadership
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E
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Due to its strong democratic traditions, the last Eastern European country to fall under Soviet, one-party domination after World War II was A. Bulgaria B. Poland C. Hungary D. Czechoslovakia E. Romania
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D
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All of the following statements about Western Europe are correct except A. By 1950, moderate political parties dominated in Europe B. By the 1950s, industrial production was still 30 percent less than before WWII C. By the 1950s, industrial production was 30 percent above prewar levels D. The Marshall Plan assisted in Europe's recovery E. The several Christian Democratic parties were no longer directly connected to the prewar Catholic Church based parties
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B
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As president of France, Charles de Gaulle's position in the Cold War was to A. closely align France with the Warsaw Pact nations B. make France the "third" nuclear power and pursue a largely independent political course C. let American policy guide France and other European nations D. make France the leading European power in NATO E. join the non-aligned third-world nations
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B
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The first chancellor and "founding hero" of the West German Federal Republic was A. Helmut Kohl B. Helmut Schmidt C. Willy Brandt D. Konrad Adenauer E. Walter Ulbricht
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D
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Britain's welfare state was established during the premiership of A. Neville Chamberlain B. Winston Churchill C. Clemet Attlee D. Harold McMillan E. Harold Wilson
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C
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Which of the following statement concerning postwar Great Britain is false? A. the National Insurance Act and National Health Service Act made Britain a welfare state in the 1940s B. Britain suffered from losing its pre-war colonial revenues C. by the Suez Canal debacle, Britain was no longer a superpower D. the British economy lagged behind that of several other Western European nations E. the Conservative party in the 1950s and 1960s revoked nearly all of the welfare legislation passed by the Labour party in the 1940s
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E
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Post-war Italian politics was characterized by A. the dominance of the Communist party B. the demise of the Christian Democrats C. the hegemony of the Christian Democrats with backing from the Catholic Church D. the rapid rise and fall of Communist-dominated coalition governments E. frequent military coups
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C
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The Common Market was A. primarily a military alliance of certain European countries B. a forum of European nations founded to solve social problems C. founded for economic reasons, including to promote free trade among member nations D. established for cultural reasons to combat American materialism E. founded with the intent to include all the nations of Europe, including the Soviet Union, as well as the United States, in the organization
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C
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In the 1950s, President Eisenhower A. reversed Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal B. continued the New Deal programs C. established the Marshall Plan D. launched the Bay of Pigs campaign against Castro's Cuba E. made Senator Joseph McCarthy his vice president
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B
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The civil right movement of the 1950s and 1960s included all of the following except A. race riots in the Los Angeles district of Watts B. the Supreme Court struck down racial segregation in public schools in 1954 C. the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 D. saw the Supreme Court approve the concept of "separate but equal" in public schools E. the civil rights leadership of Martin Luther King
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B
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In the postwar world, Canada A. experienced many of the same developments as the United States B. saw much of the economic growth financed by European investors C. refused to join NATO D. did not become a member of the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) E. because of fear of being dominated by the United States, refused to have any relations with its more powerful neighbor
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A
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The social structure of the postwar European society has been greatly affected by a dramatic increase in the number of A. industrial workers B. rural, agricultural laborers C. government workers D. military personnel E. white-collar management and administrative personnel
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E
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All of the following statements regarding women in the post-war era are correct except A. many more married women joined the workforce than before B. working women received equal pay with men by the 1960s C. working-class women continued to receive less pay than men D. the post-war "baby boom" declined in the 1960s, in part due to "the pill" E. much of the theoretical foundation for the women's liberation movement was found in the work of Simone de Beauvoir
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B
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In her path-breaking text, The Second Sex, the influential French feminist author Simone de Beauvoir argued that A. women should renounce all contact with men and set up their own self-governing communes B. women were always and wrongly defined by their differences from men and consequently seen as second-class beings C. the Second World War had legitimated the political advantages and hegemonic power of males D. a "sexual revolution" was impossible and discouraged women outside of France from taking up her ideas E. that there was absolutely no hope in improving the status of women in the near future
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B
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The post-World War II art world has been mostly dominated by A. New York City B. Paris C. Berlin D. London E. Rome
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A
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The American artist Jackson Pollock was most noted for A. a return to extreme realism in his paintings B. Postmodernist sculptures C. Pop Art, which celebrated the whims of popular culture D. Neo-Cubism E. Abstract Expressionist paintings
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E
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The philosophical doctrine of existentialism, with its emphasis on God as a fiction, no preordained human destiny, and the human creation of all values A. was dominant in the universities of Great Britain and the United States B. concentrated on logic and a theory of knowledge C. was totally at odds with the confidence and prosperity of the post-war world D. was best expressed in the works of the French writers Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre E. exemplified the spiritualism of the "Age of Aquarius"
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D
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The philosophical doctrine of existentialism stressed A. the need for people to create their own values and give their lives meaning B. the return of God to the universe C. the human need to find the sole and true meaning and purpose of the world D. a complete withdrawal from an active, involved life E. defeatist nihilism: there is no hope
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A
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The horrors of two world wars, the Cold War, and attendant socio-cultural upheavals have also stimulated a late twentieth-century religious revival exemplified in the works of Karl Barth, who has argued A. that the Bible is the literal word of God and that salvation and consolation comes from accepting that "truth" B. that the Bible, although not inherently true, still gives the best instruction for moral behavior C. that the sinful and imperfect nature of humans means that they can know religious truth not through reason but only through the grace of God D. that the mystery religions of Asia and the Middle East give humans a more transcendent sense of the divine and should come to replace Christian bigotry E. that a diversity of religious beliefs, including such "New Age" practices as witchcraft, the worship of healing rock crystals, and devotion of Gaia the Earth Mother, is a healthy sign of a new spiritualism in Western Civilization
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C
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American motion pictures in the post-war years have A. been the primary vehicle for the diffusion of American popular culture throughout the world B. completely destroyed the avant-garde expressions of Europe's "national cinemas" C. proven to be unpopular among European audiences D. done little to reflect the changing sentiments of contemporary society E. were successful artistically but failed commercially
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A
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Which of the following statements is not correct about popular music during the 1950s and 1960s A. rock and roll has no connection with African-American music B. American musicians such as Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley inspired many British musicians C. there was an "invasion" of British musical groups into the United States in the 1960s D. American popular music spread beyond the boundaries of just western civilization E. white American singers such as Elvis Presley were influenced by African-American rhythm and blues
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A
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By 1945, the United States A. was the world's greatest power B. was recovering from large losses of population within its cities C. had the world's fastest growing economy D. operated as a powerful actor in a uni-polar world E. had shaped most political and economic policies in areas such as Asia, Latin America, and Africa
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C
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George C. Marshall stated, "Our policy is not directed against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos." The Marshall Plan, issued in 1947, A. successfully intervened in all situations where people sought out help from the Western powers B. allowed for both Western and Eastern Europe to rebound economically after the war C. added to the Cold War divisions between Western and Eastern Europe D. was an insignificant economic plan that had little impact on economic recovery in the West E. helped forge an alliance between the United States and the USSR
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C
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Which of the following statements most accurately describes the period of economic reconstruction after World War II? A. most of Europe continued to follow economic policies in place prior to 1939 B. Europe lagged behind the United States in economic growth C. trade was limited primarily to domestic development in most European nations D. the impact of the global depression was minimal due to global war and its consequences E. a new balance of power took hold in the economic sphere, just as one had ruled in the political sphere prior to the war
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B
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Which of the following economists promoted the theory of spending and stimulus by the government in order to expand the economy? A. John Maynard Keynes B. Adam Smith C. Milton Friedman D. John Bloom E. Jeremy Bentham
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A
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By the end of 1948, Eastern Bloc nations A. reaped great financial reward from being allies with the Soviet Union B. struggled to maintain their economic autonomy in relation to the Soviet Union C. made very little progress economically D. devised arrangements that brought about centrally planned economies E. cooperated politically with the Soviets, but not economically
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B
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Which of the following was a result of the Arab-Israeli conflict of 1973? A. It signaled an end to detente between the United States and the Soviet Union B. Ronald Reagan was elected president of the United States C. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries imposed an oil embargo D. The nations involved in the fighting experienced an increase in economic opportunities E. Most global currencies experienced significant growth in value
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C
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Khrushchev's reforms included all of the following except A. thoroughly denouncing Stalin and his policies of terror and brutality B. increasing tensions between the USSR and the United States C. ushering in more intellectual freedoms within the USSR D. a reduced intensity toward rebelling countries within the USSR E. an attempt at economic recovery, which ultimately failed and left the USSR further behind
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B
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Following World War II, France's leadership under Charles de Gaulle A. was unsuccessful in reviving the French economy B. ushered France into a position of a global power player with their newly acquired nuclear weapons C. brought about French governmental stability and increased the power of the president D. saw nationalization successfully initiated within the country with immediate results E. maintained the status quo within France, leading to stagnation within the state
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C
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Simone de Beauvoir asserted in "Second Sex," "Now, woman has always been man's dependent, if not his slave; the two sexes have never shared the world in equality. And even today woman is heavily handicapped, though her situation is beginning to change..." Which phrase below best describes women's status during the 1960s? A. Although some women sought more equality, the majority of women were content with the achievements that had been made B. Women continued to have little control over their bodies and held few positions of power during the 1960s C. Women achieved relative parity with men in terms of job acquisitions and salary D. The role of homemaker continued to be the idea as more families easily lived on one income E. Women did not experience a true women's movement that resulted in better conditions for them
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A
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"..." The above lyrics by Bob Dylan most likely describe A. the widening cultural gap experienced by elderly citizens B. the frustration felt by women over their inability to earn real wage C. the frustration felt by musicians over the misuse of their music D. the rebellious mood of many young people E. the sense of pride and patriotism felt by men returning home from the Vietnam War
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D
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Following World War II, many European women A. earned the same pay as men for the same kind of work B. chose to remain in the home to serve as domestic workers C. earned approximately two-thirds the earned income of men for the same work D. were elevated to managerial positions E. focused on bringing wider awareness of the social ills of consumerism
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C
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The policy of containment A. fostered a general acceptance of the division of the world between Communist governments and democratic ones B. withered after the creation of the United Nations, which rendered the policy unnecessary C. caused further conflict as each great power wanted to limit the growth of the other D. was devised by the Soviet Union in reaction to the growing power of China E. successfully stopped the spread of Communism throughout the world
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C
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The Berlin Airlift A. ultimately led to the liberation of East Berlin by the United States B. ultimately resulted in Khrushchev's erection of the Berlin Wall C. was a failure for the United States as it was unable to get supplies to the people of Berlin D. showed the world that the Soviet Union was weaker than it was previously thought to be E. was instituted by the Soviet Union in order to isolate East Germany
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D
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European decolonization sparked conflict in all of the following areas except A. Vietnam B. Korea C. Algeria D. India E. Israel
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C
