AP Euro history Chapter 9 – Flashcards

The causes of the war where when King Edward, the English king, made a claim to the French throne. The French had no intentions of putting him on the throne. Instead they chose a first cousin of Charles IV, Philip VI of Valois. Another reason why the war started was because Edward was holding several substantial French territories as fiefs from the French King. To the French, when the English held any French land it was offensive because it endangered the royal policy of centralization. Both countries also fought over control of Flanders. Although Flanders was a French land, it was subject to political influence because its industry of cloth depended on supplies of imported English wool. Also a long history of prejudice and hostility between the people of each country, who constantly saw one another on the high seas and in ports, made the friction between the two worse. For this war both sides had good advantages. For the Hundred Years' war both England and France had advantages. French had three times the population of England, was the wealthier of the two countries, and had the home field advantage. The English had successfully made a transition from a feudal society to a centralized "modern" state. The English also had a superior military, because they were more disciplined, and had more weapons. The French were finally able to drive the English almost entirely out of France because they took over Orleans. Then afterwards they had many more victories. Also the duke of Burgundy made peace with Charles, this allowed France to push the English back.

Overpopulation, economic depression, famine, and bad health weakened the population of Europe. This made them more vulnerable to the plague. It was carried by rats on trade roots. A victims sneezing and wheezing also spread it from person to person. It was most virulent in port areas. This had a bad effect on European society. The Black Death had many bad effects on European society. It caused people to be more pessimistic and think about death more. The labor supply shrunk and a caused a decline in the value of a noble's estate. The prices of food fell because there was less demand. Also, the price of manufactured goods and other luxuries rose. The plague caused people to take extreme measures for remedies. For example: Jews were blamed and massacred because Christians blamed them. It think that it is a very important time in our history because if it had not happened at all then we might not have the medical technology we have today.

The Kings taxed the clergy and Boniface did not want them taxed. The king of England denied them the right to be heard in royal court and protection. So King Philip stopped sending them money. Boniface was powerless to stop it because he needed France's money so the papacy can operate. During the reign of Pope Innocent both kingdoms taxed the clergy but only with permission from the papacy. During Pope Boniface's reign both countries were on the brink of war, the papacy was weaker, and the pope tried to forbid taxation of the clergy without papacy approval and to revoke all previous pays. It meant very much to the papacy because it was a matter of whether or not they got paid.

In 1220 monarchs fought with the papacy over whether or not rulers could choose what clergy they wanted in their offices. They papacy won this battle because German princes had defeated the emperor. As a result the papacy put themselves into European politics. This made them vulnerable to criticism. This criticism came from religious reformers and royal supporters. These people did not believe the way of political self-promotion was a good mission for the Church. At around 1450 the papacy worked in agreement with the emperor versus going against him. The church only had power when it came to church related things. For example: working together with the emperor to make a council.

The Avignon papacy was a papacy under strong French influence because most of the cardinals were French. This led to the papacy needing to prove themselves politically and economically. Therefore the papacy needed to pull off political schemes. They also had to sell the service of repenting. The relationship it had to the great Schism was that during that time the French cardinals wanted to go back to Avignon. Eventually two popes were elected. The second one being by French cardinals. Pope Clement VII was recognized by France and Pope Urban VI by England. There were two approaches of uniting the Church. One tried to win the mutual cession of both Popes. The other Pope tried to secure the resignation of the one in favor of the other. It was reunited by an agreement. They came to an agreement by holding council in Basel with the Emperor and the Hittites.

The kings in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries where able to control the church more than the church could control the kings because the pope stopped threatening kings and emperors because of what Boniface did. Therefore, the state got more power. Monarchs took this time to attack the church. Monarchs attacked the church very hard. Legislation restricted the papal's right for jurisdiction. They also restricted taxes for the church. In addition, they restricted payments and petitions to Rome as well as the Pope's power to make high appointments for clergy.

In 1420 it disinherited the legitimate heir to the French throne and proclaimed Henry V the successor to the previous King.

authority had declared saints, disposed of benefices, and created a centralized papal monarchy with a clear political mission

a letter from the church was sent to Philip. A papal bull was a letter or patent from the church.

passed in 1351 by the English parliament. It limited wages to pre-plague levels and restricted the ability of peasants to leave their masters land.

King Charles VII limited the power of the pope over the Church in France. It also restricted payments and appeals to Rome. It also restricted the Popes power to make high ecclesiastical appointments.

declared that temporal authority was subject to the spiritual power of the church.

she was a peasant from Domremy in Lorraine in eastern France. She presented herself to Charles VII in March 1429. She said that God called her to deliver Orleans from the English. She was a war hero.

a representative council of townspeople, clergy, and nobles.

religious fanatics who beat themselves in ritual repentance, believing such action would bring divine intervention

based off of arguments from reformers, cardinals representing both popes convened in Pisa in 1409. They disposed both Popes and elected a new one, Alexander V. neither of the older popes accepted this action. So Christendom had 3 popes.

when the council directly negotiated church doctrine with heretics. In 1432, the Hussites of bohemia presented the four articles of Prague to the council as basis for negotiations in this meeting. They were 1) giving the laity the Eucharist with cup as well as bread, 2) free, itinerant preaching; 3) the exclusion of clergy from holding secular offices and owning property, and 4) punishment of clergy who commit mortal sins. The result was that the bohemians gained jurisdiction over there church similar to what the French and the English had. All Prague articles were conceded except for the exclusion of clergy from holding secular offices and owning property.

he forbade taxation of the clergy without papal approval and revoked all previous papal dispensations. Because the French stopped sending money to Rome, the pope then let the king of France tax the clergy during an emergency in hopes that the king would start sending money again. He also helped Scottish resistance from the English. He also got in a fight with the French king on whether or not Bernard Saisset should be freed. He also revoked all previous agreements with the king regarding taxation. The pope also ordered the French bishops to convene in Rome within a year.

they were moderate and extreme. They followed the writings of John Huss

wealthy land owners

scholar who produced lasting criticisms of medieval assumptions about the nature of God, humankind, and society

the English king that may have started the Hundred Years' War by asserting a claim to the French throne after King Charles IV died without a male heir. He was then 15 years old. Philip VI: The first of a new French dynasty that would till the sixteenth century. King during the war.

tribute-paying principalities of the segment of the Mongol Empire

: a virulent bubonic plague that hit full force in 1348. Discolored the body

the division of the church into those supported by England and those supported by France.

a reference to the biblical bondage of the Israelites

the purpose was to create a church in which a representative council could effectively regulate the action of the pope.

when peasants rose up in several regions in response to bullying from the privileged classes taxing them. It was a series of bloody rebellions in 1358.