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Why was Great Britain the first state to have an Industrial Revolution? Why did it happen in Britain when it did? What were the basic features of the new industrial system created by the Industrial Revolution?

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A. Supply of Capital -Britain had an effective central bank with well-developed credit facilities. B. Early Industrial Entrepreneurs -Britain had many individuals who were interested in making profits, and were ready to invest in more efficient machinery. C. Mineral Resources -Britain had an abundant supply of important mineral resources, such as coal and iron ore, which were needed in the manufacturing process. D. Role of Government -Britain's government also played an important role. The Parliament provided a stable government and passed laws that protected private property. E. Markets -Finally, a supply of markets gave the British a ready outlet for their manufactured goods. ~with all of these resources and ability to allow for change, Great Britain was bound to have the first Industrial Revolution.

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How did the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the Continent and the United States, and how did industrialization in those areas differ from British industrialization?

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-the continental countries lagged far behind Britain's technology; however, the continental countries could easily just take the ideas of Britain -however, Britain tried to prevent this, when they said that British artisans and exports of important machinery, especially for textile production, were forbidden and prohibited. -but, Britain was unable to control this situation as about 2,000 mechanics were on the Continent selling machinery abroad, either legally, or illegally. Differences between the Continent & Britain Continent had: 1.lagged behind in technology 2.Continent countries' government was played an important role in economic affairs 3.Joint-stock investment banks

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What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on urban life, social classes, family life, and standards of living? What were working conditions like in the early decades of the Industrial Revolution, and what efforts were made to improve them?

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Population Growth The growth of cities urban living conditions:miserable living conditions, rooms in the houses were small and overcrowded, sanitary conditions were horrible and city streets were used as sewers and open drains, and the adulteration of food was done family life: people used to work with their families in their family cottages, but now they were all working at factories, and they had to work many hours which left no time for the family Working conditions: women had to work and they were not paid as much as men were; children also worked-they had to work many hours of the day, were paid little (considered cheap labor), and they barely had any time to eat, some did not have any money for food -taking this account, people began to worry about cholera, a deadly disease, which they could catch because of the unhealthy sanitary conditions, so they created the National Board of Health (because they were scared themselves.)

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What role did government and trade unions play in the industrial development of the Western world? Who helped the workers the most?

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Gov beginning of indus.revo in England: stable, promoted freedom and passed laws promoting private property which encouraged entrepreneurs On the continent: gov. used to being part of economic affairs. gov paid for technical education, awarded grants to inventors and foreign entrepreneurs, exempted foreign industrial equipment from import duties, and sometimes even financed factories. paid for cost of building canals and roads, deepening and widening river channels, and constructing railroads. also used tariffs (apply tax on import of foreign goods) later on: as poverty became too intense to ignore started passing laws aka factory acts

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Agricultural Revolution

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the changes in the methods of farming and stock breeding led to a significant increase in food production; now British agriculture could feed more people with lower prices.

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capital

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The money used for investment, which was used on new industrial machines and factories

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Entrepreneurs

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individuals who were interested in making profits and were willing to invest in new machinery

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Environment in Britain

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the environment of Britain was not like that of the absolutist states on the Continent; Britain had an environment where political power rested in the hands of a progressive group of people who favored innovation in economic matters

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Mineral Resources

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Britain had an abundant supply of important mineral resources, such as coal and iron ore, that was needed in the manufacturing process.

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Role of Government

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Britain's government also played a role in industrialization, with the Parliament who provided a stable government and passed laws that protected private property

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Markets

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a supply of markets gave the British a ready outlet for their manufactured goods; the markets that were the best were in the Americas, Africa, and the East, where people wanted inexpensive clothing not luxury items

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Cotton Industry

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Great Britain had already mastered the cotton industry with their traditional methods; however, with the new innovations they were becoming even more successful.

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Flying Shuttle

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the development of the flying shuttle had sped the process of weaving on loom, but it however caused shortages of yarn (which was corrected by the spinning jenny)

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Spinning Jenny

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this machine enabled spinner to produce yarn in greater quantities, which corrected the disadvantage of the flying shuttle, created by James Hargreaves

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Water frame spinning machine

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created by Richard Arkwright, which was powered by horse or water

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so-called mule [machine]

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created by Samuel Crompton, which combined aspects of the water frame and the spinning jenny, which increased yarn production even more

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power loom

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Created by Edmund Cartwright in 1787, which allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of yarn

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steam engine

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an engine powered by steam that could pump water from mine 3 times faster, and later was attached to a rotary engine that could turn a shaft and thus drive machinery; steam engine was created by James Watt in the 1760s -the steam engine was fired by coal, which meant that it did not need to be near a river which allowed for flexibility of location

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Matthew Boulton

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was James Watt's business partner, who had encouraged James Watt to build the first genuine steam engine

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Henry Cort

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developed a system called puddling in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce an iron of high quality--led to an advancement in the iron industry

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Richard Trevithick

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invented the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line in southern Wales, which pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 people, but moved at 5 mph

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George Stephenson

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invented the "Rocket", the first public railway line in 1830, which extended 32 miles from Liverpool to Manchester; first it went at 16 mph and then with locomotives it ran at 50 mph

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the industrial factories

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the factories became the chief means of organizing labor for the new machines

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Workers in industrial factories

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a more disciplined system was needed to force the workers to work more efficiently, so regulations were made-adult workers were fined for many infractions, such as being late or being drunk. -children were said not to understand these factory regulations, so they were beat up to make them understand

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methodism

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where laziness and wasteful habits were considered as sins; the acceptance of hardship in this life paved the way for the joys of the next

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Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851

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the world's first industrial fair at Kensington in London in the Crystal Palace, which contained 100,000 exhibits that showed many products -the Great Exhibition displayed Britain's wealth to the world and it was a big symbol of Britain's success

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Limitations to industrialization

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The continental countries lagged behind because they did not share some of the advantages that had made Britain's Industrial Revolution possible.

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Borrowing techniques and practices

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The continental countries could simply borrow the British techniques and practices, but Britain tried to prevent that. British artisans and the export of important machinery, especially for textile production, were prohibited and forbidden to leave the country. Despite this, there were at least 2000 skilled British mechanics on the Continent, and British equipment was also being sold abroad, legally or illegally. -by the 1840s, the Continent had achieved technological independence as local people learned all the skills their British teachers had to offer.

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The Role of Government in the Continental countries

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the government was used to playing an important role in economic affairs -hence, the government provided for the costs of technical education, awarded grants to inventors and foreign entrepreneurs, exempted foreign industrial equipment from import duties, and in some places even financed factories. -gov. also helped make canals and roads -gov. on the continent also used tariffs to further industrialization ~this was the second difference in between Britain and the continental countries

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Joint-stock investment bank

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such banks in the Continental countries, that mobilized the savings of thousands of small and large investors, creating a supply of capital that could then be plowed back into industry. ~this was the third difference between British and Continental industrialization

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Differences between the Continental countries and Britain

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Continent had: 1.lagged behind in British technology 2.Government played a role in the economic affairs 3.Joint-stock investment bank

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Centers of Continental industrialization

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Belgium, France, and German states

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The need for transportation in the United States

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unlike Britain, the United States was a large country. The lack of a good system of internal transportation seemed to limit American economic development by making the transport of goods expensive. -however gradually, roads and canals were built, steamboats were used

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Labor force in the United States

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labor force came from rural areas. The united states did not possess a large # of craftspeople, but it did have an expanding farm population. -women made up 80% of the laboring force in the large textile factories.

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What country remained largely rural and agricultural, and maintained serfdom?

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Russia

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Social Impacts of the Industrial Revolution

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Population Growth The Growth of Cities New Middle Class Workers in the Industrial Age Urbanization

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Population Growth

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there was a huge population explosion, which can be explained by a decline in deaths from famines, epidemics, and war. Major epidemic diseases such as plague and smallpox declined as well.

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The Great Hunger

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Ireland was one of the most oppressed areas in Europe. Many people meant the need for more food. So people began to eat potatoes-This led to a growth of population. Then the potato crop was struck by blight due to a fungus that turned potatoes black. More than 1 million died out of starvation, and more than 2 million moved elsewhere.

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Potato

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a nutritious and easy to grow food that produced 3 times as much food as per acre as grain, was used a basic staple in the diet of the Irish people

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Emigration

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many Irish people took flights to America -the # of emigrants from Europe averaged about 110,000 a year

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Bad Harvests

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1846-1847 -bad harvests produced massive numbers of emigrants. In addition to the people from Ireland, about 935,000 people left Germany.

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Growth of Cities

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Great Britain had one major city-London, with a population of 2,363,000 with 28 cities with 5.7 million in 1850

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Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution

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-the dramatic growth of cities produced miserable living conditions -Rooms were not large and were frequently overcrowded -Sanitary conditions were horrible, and due to the lack of municipal direction, city streets were often used as sewers and open drains. -Cities smelled horrible and were extraordinarily unhealthy. -adding to the deterioration of urban life was the adulteration of food.

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Edwin Chadwick

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urban reformer with a background in law, who became obsessed with eliminating the poverty and squalor of the metropolitan areas -he wrote Report on the Condition of Labouring Population of Great Britain, which argued against the status quo and the conditions of the population

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National Board of Health

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created after Chadwick's advocating for a system of modern sanitary reforms consisting of efficient sewers and a supply of piped water

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Cholera

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deadly disease that people were afraid of and because of the fear of getting this disease, they began to support the call for new public health measures

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Industrial Middle Class

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higher bourgeoisie-wealthy bankers, merchants, and industrialists (people with money) lower bourgeoisie-shopkeepers, artisans (people with less money)

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Working Conditions for the Industrial Working Class

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-children were forced to do work, they were cheap labor and their small size made it easier for them to crawl under machines to gather loose cotton -women also worked and were not paid as much as men were

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Factory Act

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children between 9 and 13 could work 8 hrs a day, and children between 13 and 18 could work only 12 hrs a day, resulting in a decline in the # of children working in factories

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Poor Law Act

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Established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live in separation from their families and horrible conditions

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Trade Unions

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Craft Societies that sought better wages, conditions, and benefits for workers

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Strikes

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workers went on strikes and refused to work until their demands were met

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Robert Owens

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A social reformer who advocated for cooperative rather than competitive living and demanded an 8 hr working day

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Luddites

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Trade unionists who attacked machines that they believed threatened their lives

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Chartism

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organized by working men to promote universal male suffrage, pay for members of Parliament, and nonproperty ownership for parliament

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Ten Hours Act

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reduced the workday for children between 13 and 18 to 10 hrs, and women were included in this too

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Coal Mines Act

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prohibited boys under the age of 10 and all women from working in mines

AP EURO: Chapter 20-The Industrial Revolution and its Impacts on European Society – Flashcards

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