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Renaissance

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the rebirth of Greco-Roman culture and literature following the dark ages of Europe. This time renovated technology and applied many new features to the arts and sciences.

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Jacob Burckhardt

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a Swiss historian and art critic who determined Italy as the center of the beginning of the Renaissance which included the revival of antiquity and the "perfecting of an individual"

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Leon Battista Alberti

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came up with the concept of creating a "perfect" individual during the Renaissance which included; Having a high regard for human dignity, A realization of all people, and having an ability to have many achievements

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Hanseatic League

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Powerful merchants who controlled trade and monopolized Northern European trade from 1300 to 1500. Products included; Timber, Honey, Fish, Grains, Metals, Wine

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House of Medici

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the greatest bank in Europe owned by the Medici family in Florence. The bank controlled several European enterprises including; Wool, Silk, And mining of certain metals

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Castiglione's Book of the Courtier

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A book written by the Italian Baldassare Castiglione which eventually became a basic handbook or set of guidelines to show how all European aristocrats should act around officials. In it, he describes the three basic attributes of a perfect courtier; First, nobles should possess fundamental native endowments such as impeccable character, grace, etc. Second, the courtier must gather many special achievements in his/her life, Lastly, a courtier needs to be highly educated and militarily trained for physical perfection

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Condottieri

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A term used to describe the ruler Federigo da Montefeltro who was a powerful mercenary captain in Urbino.

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Francisco Sforza

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Italian condottieri for the Sforza dynasty in Milan during the Renaissance.

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Cosimo d' Medici

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Powerful ruler of the Republic Of Florence during the Renaissance. Due to the Medici reputation, Cosimo gained control easily of the center of cultural revival during the Renaissance. His reputation also gained him several allies which help in future wars against Venice and the Papacy.

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the Papal States

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The states that consisted of many city-states which lied in Central Italy. Owned by the papacy, the popes had a large influence on culture and the military during this time.

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Isabella d' Este

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First woman ruler of Mantua, Italy. She gained power after her husband, Francesco Gonzaga, was kidnapped. Being highly educated, history as her known as an intelligent, wise, and powerful woman. She is also known for her persuasive letters and her clever negotiations.

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Peace of Lodi and the Balance of Power

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After half a century of Italian warfare, all the Italian city-states gathered and signed the Peace of Lodi which granted alliances for Italy which included; (Milan, Florence, and Naples) (Venice and the Papacy) This eventually lasted and created a balance of power... for a solid 40 years before war broke out again.

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1527 sack of Rome

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The eventual ruling of Italy by the Spaniards because of constant warfare. Originally, Spain was called into the war in Italy for help but the Spanish and French ended up fighting over domination of Italy for 15 years. In the end, the Spaniards won and gained control of Italy until 1870.

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Machiavelli's The Prince

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A book written by Machiavelli to show how a prince should rule his Italian city-state. Machiavelli explains that a price should be; Understanding of Human Nature, Needs to be self-centered but understanding, Needs to be feared rather than loved, and Needs to be thought as cruel and powerful but compassionate

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civic humanism

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a new term which was created by Petrarch and arrived during the Renaissance meaning; Knowledge of political and world philosophy with importance on basic education and the revival of Greco-Roman culture.

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Petrarch

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Also known as the father of Italian Renaissance humanism, Petrarch is an Italian idealist and a literate man who conceptualized the basic thoughts of civic and basic humanism which is based on the prior culture and education of The Greeks and Romans. He was also the first man to describe the periods prior to the Renaissance as the "Dark Ages" as there was minimal advancement in cultural and educational aspects and elements.

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Leonardo Bruni's The New Cicero

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The Florentine chancellor, patriot, and humanist (Leonardo Bruni) wrote The New Cicero which explained how an individual can be maturely and intellectually a "man" through participation in and out of the state.

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Lorenzo Valla

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Valla was a man born in Rome who was brought up in three different languages. He wrote several books on why to convince people that the vernacular should be replaced with the last century of Roman Republic and the first century of the Roman Empire Latin.

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Neoplatonism

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Neoplatonism was created by Marcilio Ficino which conceptualized the thoughts of Plato and Christianity based on the hierarchy of substances and the theory of spiritual love.

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Renaissance Hermeticism

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An intellectual movement in Italy that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; this influenced many people in the Scientific Revolution

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Pico della Mirandola's Oration

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The book which first conceptualized the idea that a man has all the will power to become anything he wishes to become within nature.

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"liberal studies"

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Studies of the liberal arts in the Renaissance

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Francesco Guicciardini

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A historian during the Renaissance that brought a modern look at the history of Florence and Rome which had not been done as well before.

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Johannes Gutenburg

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The inventor of the European Movable-type Printing Press. His invention caused all books in Europe to become more popular which eventually increased the educational power of the Europeans.

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Masaccio

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A Renaissance artist that brought back ancient styles of art. His paintings became very realistic of certain scenes. His most famous painting, Tribute Money, is regarded as one of the greatest pieces of Italian art because Masaccio experimented with; New mathematical ways of painting to create the laws of perspective and light, and the use of outdoor space

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Lorenzo the Magnificent

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A leader of the circle of artists and courts men in Florence during the Renaissance.

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Botticelli's Primavera

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A painting created by Sandro Botticelli which contained evidential proof of Greco-Roman culture revival as the painting contained several Greek and Roman goddesses and religious figures. The setting is in the Garden of Spring (hence the name "Primavera" which is Spanish for spring).

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Donatello's David

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A statue which is a resemblance of David and the Goliath. The statue shows many forms of antique art; Nude poses, Text on the bottom enshrined in the statue, And no facial emotions

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Brunelleschi's dome

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A piece of architectural design that was the first modern dome. It created the following new features, Elevated center held by "ribs" to support the weight, Classical columns from ancient times, Rounded Arches, coffered ceilings, and human, not divine expectations for building

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High Renaissance

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A period of the Renaissance dominated by three artists; Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo

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Leonardo da Vinci

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The most memorized artist, scientist, inventor, and revolutionist of the Renaissance. Da Vinci was the first of many artists to reintroduce the experimental traditions of the fifteenth century. Da Vinci painted the Last Supper which begins to show how he wanted to reveal people's inner thoughts and beings through paintings and art. Da Vinci could also write with one hand and then draw with the other.

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Raphael

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Renaissance artist in Italy who is regarded as one of the best painters of all time. Raphael was acclaimed for his numerous madonnas, in which he attempted to show the ideal beauty of everything. Raphael also painted The School of Athens which shows all of the Greek philosophers talk to each other.

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Michelangelo

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An accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect who was driven by an incredible power and desire to create. As a painter, Michelangelo was asked to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which showed the fall of Adam and mankind according to the book of Genesis. As a sculptor, Michelangelo also constructed a perfect statue of David out of a 14-foot piece of marble.

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Sistine Chapel's David

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Sculpture created by Michelangelo to show the perfections of a human body. The statue is 14-feet-tall and is made out of pure marble. Michelangelo described it as, "I only take away the surplus, and the statue is already there."

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Bramante and Saint Peter's

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Bramante is an incredible architect from Urbino who eventually moved to Rome. After creating the Tempietto, Bramante was commissioned to build the perhaps most magnificent basilica in history: Saint Peter's.

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Giorgo Vasari's Lives of Artists

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A book written by Giorgo Vasari that describes the lives of various artists including Da Vinci and others. These brief biographies taught historians about first-hand accounts of some of the busiest men ever.

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Northern renaissance

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Renaissance that happened in Northern Europe away from Italy.

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Jan van Eyck

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A painter in the Northern Renaissance that used extreme detail in his oil paintings. However, Northern Renaissance artists such as van Eyck had trouble with perspective painting unlike Italy. Michelangelo described Northern Artists as people who focus on details of saints and piety while Italian painters use perspective and mathematical uses to paint their pictures.

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Albrecht Durer

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A Nuremburg painter who was greatly influenced by Italians. He was one of the first painters to begin to use the arts of perspective and proportion in the Northern Renaissance. His masterpiece, Adoration of the Magi shows his mastered skills in Italian styles of paintings.

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Madrigals

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poems that were set to musical pieces. Such as the "fa-la-la" in English carols.

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"New monarchies"

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the reconstruction of power in monarchies around Northern Europe at the end of the fifteenth century.

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Louis XI the Spider King and Henry VII

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15th century monarchs of France and England respectively who dramatically increased income tax and had clever and mischievous ways of gathering resources for money. Both also created fairly powerful and authorized monarchies under themselves.

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Ferdinand and Isabella

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Married rulers of Aragon and Castille who created many jobs for middle-class intellectuals and took the aristocrats out of the royal council. They also stripped the medieval ways of warfare and replaced the Spanish army making it much more feared.

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Spanish Inquisition

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The attempt to convert Spanish Jews into Christians or send them to exile. Many as 150000 Jews left Spain.

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The Habsburgs

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The dynasty that ruled the remains of the Holy Roman Empire whose power came through carefully selected and organized marriages.

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Ivan III

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Russian price who was the first to annex the Principality of Moscow from the Mongols. Ivan also attempted to annex several other states but that was eventually stopped as the Mongols threw off his yoke.

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Constantinople and 1453

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The great battle for Constantinople. The Ottoman Empire invaded Constantinople using huge cannons and cannonballs to breach the city walls. Not long after, the Ottoman's destroyed the city and quickly defeated the Byzantines and became rulers of Constantinople for quite some long time.

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John Wyclif and John Hus

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Wyclif was an Oxford theologian who strongly believed that the Papacy's power should be limited to what the Bible has to offer. He also strongly believed in having the church accept the Vernacular for more knowledge. John Hus also was a Czech chancellor who tried to prove corruption of the clergy as did John Wyclif. Both men were pro-vernacular and that the pope's power should be more limited.

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Pius II's Execrabilis

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The papal bull that terminated the power of the council above the Pope as it was considered "heretical" to have appeals by the council over the pope.

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Renaissance Popes

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Popes that ruled after the Great Schism who had much power and became more of a spiritual leader but still had some authority in politics and warfare.

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