Ap Euro Chapt 20 – Flashcards
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Klemmens von Metternich
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Austria's chief minister and architect of the post-Napoleonic world (The Age of Metternich) Host of the Congress of Vienna that established the Concert of Europe Committed to Conservatism, Legitimacy, Intervention & a Balance of Power.
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Edmund Burke (p 612
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Reflections on a Revolution in France Early Critic of the French Revolution (when Englishmen were generally enthusiastic), predicted that it would end in bloodshed.
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THE Conservative theorist!
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Societies evolve over time. Revolutionary changes break the implicit contract with history. Change should be gradual (evolutionary) like England, not sudden (revolutionary) like France.
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Congress of Vienna
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Settlement conference that met after Napoleon's defeat in order to reorganize Europe. Controlled by Metternich's 4 Great Powers. Established a conservative order that would last until 1848 (some say until WWI)
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"Balance of Power"
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Principle of Metternich and the Congress of Vienna. Balance was sought in order to avoid European dominance by one country (Napoleon's France being fresh on their minds) . In the 1700s the Balance had been obtained by accident, in the 1800s this balance was the result of conscious effort of the Great Powers.
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Legitimacy
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Generally: a government that is considered valid by whomever is speaking. Reality check: Legitimacy is in the eye of the beholder. In this Chapter: Principle embraced by Metternich and the Congress of Vienna. Metternich was determined to re-establish legitimate governments. He (and conservatives in general) defined "legitimate" as pre-1789 governments. Liberals believed legitimacy came from the Locke's "consent of the governed
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Quadruple Alliance
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(Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia) the 4 major enemies of Napoleon who banded together to defeat him and ensure peace after the war at the Congress of Vienna.
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Conservatism
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Political philosophy that evolved during/after the French Revolution. Articulated best by Burke, conservatives favored obedience to political authority, believed that organized religion was crucial to social order, hated revolutionary upheavals, and were unwilling to accept either the liberal demands for civil liberties and representative governments or the nationalistic aspirations generated by the French revolutionary era. The community took precedence over individual rights; society must be organized and ordered, and tradition remained the best guide for order. Conservatism's major pillars were Legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches.
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Economic Liberalism
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- (Classical economic theory) focused around laissez-faire. Governments should not interfere with supply and demand or the economic liberty of the individual. If individuals are allowed economic liberty, ultimately they will bring about the maximum good for the maximum number and benefit the general welfare of society. Liberals wanted to make and sell goods freely. They favored removal of tariffs and barriers to trade. They opposed the regulations on labor and wages by governments or by guilds. Notice the connection with political liberalism: FREEDOM & Liberty.
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Political Liberalism-
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Political idea developed according to Enlightenment principles. stressed that people should be free from restraint. Also the protection of civil liberties or the basic rights of all people, which included equality before the law, freedom of assembly, speech, press, and freedom from arbitrary arrest. Liberals wanted these freedoms guaranteed by a written document. They wanted religious toleration, separation of church and state, and the right to peacefully oppose government. They favored a legislature elected by qualified voters. They also advocated the ministerial system in which ministers of a king are responsible to legislature, allowing legislative to check the power of executive. They believed in equal civil rights for all, but not equal voting rights (political liberalism is tied to the middle class). Liberals were not democrats and did not support the lower classes (poor) voting.
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Nationalism
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the belief that every nationality (group) should have its own state (it and Liberalism were two "ideologies of change" that threatened the status quo). Nationalism is based on an awareness of being part of a community that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs. This community (nation) becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty. Nationalism could weaken/destroy existing governments: as in the case of Austria. Or Nationalism could strengthen/create existing governments: as in the case of France, England. Originally nationalism was opposed by Conservatives since it was 1) disruptive to the existing social order AND 2) tied to liberalism. Eventually will be embraced by conservatives as a way of getting your country "fired up"
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German Nationalism-
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Early 19th political movement that swept central Europe. It was all the rage in universities. German Nationalist wanted to see all Germanic people living in a single German state. Obviously this could be perceived as dangerous by both the Austrians and Prussians since nationalism could destroy their countries. It was a movement in which Germans became increasingly aware and proud of their "german-ness" All the best music, culture, philosophy, economic growth, was seen by them as coming from German culture. They considered themselves the wave of the future.
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Carlsbad Decrees (Karlsbad) -
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Metternich's repressive response to a German Nationalistic Student movement (Burschenschaften). Drawn up in 1819 by Metternich, the decrees closed the Burschenschaften, provided censorship of the press, and placed the universities under close supervision and control, putting the lid on German nationalism. Note the different approaches taken by the Germans and the English to civil unrest.
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Corn Laws - (p. 668)
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Corn = any grain (wheat, oats, etc). The Corn Laws imposed high Tariffs (taxes) on imported foreign grain in England. These Mercantilistic policies were designed to help the English land owners (the rich). Corn Laws resulted in higher bread prices for the poor & middle classes. Significances 1: The middle class opposed the corn laws (laissez faire / high prices) but were powerless in the early 1800s to stop it. The overturning of the corn laws in chp 21 will be a major turning point for England. 2: "marked the abandonment by the British ruling class of its traditional role of paternalistic protector of the poor."
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Peterloo Massacre- (668)
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In 1819 60,000 demonstrators protested against the Corn Laws (caused high prices on bread). A squadron of cavalry attacked the crowd and killed 11 people. This caused the British government to become even more repressive, restricting large public meetings and the dissemination of pamphlets among the poor. Significance: Although this appears to fit with the general conservative trend of the era, this event ultimately caused many in England to consider reforms in order to avoid public violence.
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Louis XVIII-
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Bourbon restored on the French throne by the Quadruple Alliance. Surprisingly, he maintained Napoleon's Concordant and Civil Code. However, liberals disliked his moderation.
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Charles X
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succeeded his brother Louis XVIII. His desire to restore France to a Pre-1789 world led to the Revolution of 1830 and the ascent of Louis Philippe.
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Castlereagh
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represented Great Britain at the Congress of Vienna. Britain had no interest in gaining continental land, but wanted to secure their control of the seas.
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Talleyrand
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represented France at the Congress of Vienna, enabled France to participate in some of the decisions.
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Alexander I
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Russian tsar. Alexander's liberal policies of increased freedom, relaxed censorship and reformed education changed slowly to that of strict and arbitrary rule.
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Vienna
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Capital of Austria and site of the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) Europe was 'managed' by Metternich from Vienna (1815-1848) Site of a liberal uprising during the Revolutions of 1848
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Grand Duchy of Warsaw
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Polish state created by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807 from the lands he took from Prussia. The Duchy was divided between Prussia and Russia at the Congress of Vienna. An example of Metternich's desire to return to a Pre-1789 Europe. An independent Poland technically existed but was given a Romanov dynasty.
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German Confederation (p 617)
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Created by Metternich at the Congress Vienna to replace The Holy Roman Empire which had been abolished by Napoleon. Example of their dismantling of the world created by Napoleon and the French Revolution
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"Status Quo"
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the way things are. Conservatives generally want to maintain the Status Quo. Metternich's Quadruple Alliance was determined to maintain the Status Quo.
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Holy Alliance
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An alliance of the "holy" powers (Russia, Prussia, Austria), proposed by Alexander of Russia. It fizzled.
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Burschenschaften (p 665)
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Student clubs in German Universities that supported nationalism and liberalism. The activities of these groups will prompt Metternich to issue the Karlsbad Decrees
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Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830)
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The re-establishment of the Bourbons to lands they had lost from the French Revolution/Napoleonic eras. Primarily referring to Louis XVIII's placement on the French Throne in 1815. (but could include Ferdinand VII's restoration to Spanish throne in 1814, and Ferdinand I's restoration as king of Naples and Sicily
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UltraRoyalism
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The most conservative element in the French political spectrum. Often called Legitimists. Supported the Bourbon's right to rule France (as opposed to the Orleans family's)
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Adam Smith: Enlightenment Economist
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THE architect of early 19th century ECONOMIC liberalism. The economy is governed by natural laws and should be allowed to operate without government intervention (laissez-faire). Significance: He could be used to justify the horror of industrialism on individuals. Misery does not come from greed but from 'natural economic laws'. "whew, no need to care about the poor now"
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Concert of Europe
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The effort of the Four Great Powers to resolve issues by consultation and agreement. The great powers hoped that the Concert of Europe would lead to the preservation of the balance of power and of the conservative order established at The Congress of Vienna. (How long it lasted depends upon which history book you are reading).
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Congress System (Concert of Europe)
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The unofficial attempt by the Great Powers to maintain the status quo created at Vienna. It's an informal system of mutual cooperation and consultation with the goal of upholding borders and existing governments.
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Eastern Question
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What should be done about the collapsing Ottoman Empire. Who was going to get the pieces. The Great Powers were like vultures circling a carcass. It's one (of many) reasons that the Great Powers did not stop the Greek revolt (against the Turks)
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Tsar Nicholas I (mid 1800s)
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Conservative Tsar who opposed liberal reforms in Russia and throughout Eastern Europe (Poland)
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The Decembrist Revolt (1825) (p 680)
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Liberal Revolt of Russian Officers in Moscow against the newly crowned Nicholas I. They demanded a liberal constitution and the abolition of serfdom. Brutally put down by Nicholas. These Martyrs became symbols for squished liberals in Russia for decades. Good example of one way to stop social change: violent reaction and refusal to budge.
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King Charles X of France
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succeeded his brother Louis XVIII. His desire to restore France to a Pre-1789 world led to the Revolution of 1830 and the ascent of Louis Philippe.
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Louis Philippe (r. 1830-1848)
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) King of the French the "bourgeois monarch" he replaced his cousin Charles X after July Revolution of 1830. He got his political support from the upper middle class. Liberal reforms were made that benefited the upper bourgeoisie (constitutional changes, financial qualifications for voting were reduced) Series of revolutions that broke out throughout Europe and threatened Metternich's conservative order. In France, Louis Philippe becomes the "Citizen King" during the July Revolutions. The old Austrian Netherlands breaks away from the Dutch Republic, creates Belgium, and gets a new king, Leopold I.
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July Monarchy 1830 - 1848
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The Monarchy of France under Louis-Philippe that was supported by the liberal bourgeoisie. Eventually, economic hardship for the poor led to a revolution in 1848
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Great Reform Bill 1832 (625)
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Sweeping Parliamentary reforms adopted in 1832. The franchise was expanded to the upper middle class and 'rotten boroughs' were fixed. These reforms were pushed by the Whig Party in order to avoid revolution. (trees bend in a storm, so that they do not break)
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How Britain has avoided Revolution
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By making reforms to the system before people reach the breaking point. [Reform Bill of '32 etc.] Important Note: Reform and humane treatment of the poor are not necessarily done to help the poor, but to allow for those in power to remain so. (Think about that the next time someone says we need to abolish welfare. Think about who really benefits from keeping the poor fed. Pssst [stage whisper] you do)
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"Rotton Borroughs" (684)
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Problem in England "fixed" by the Great Reform Bill of '32 Rotton Borroughs are Political districts that have too many or too few representatives in Parliament. The industrial revolution is creating cities out of thin air. They are not represented in parliament. Districts that were important back in the middle ages (with 100 people) have more Parliamentarians than many cities of 100,000. This strikes the new middle class (who have the $$) as unfair
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Burchshenshaften
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Student nationalistic clubs in German Universities. The Carlsbad Decrees were aimed at these groups.
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The Six Acts
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English laws restricting mass political action (after Peterloo) in an attempt to prevent radical leaders from agitating and to give the authorities new powers. These were the first responses by the British authorities to demands for reform/change. Eventually, cooler heads would prevail and other methods would be attempted by the government.
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Ultraroyalism:
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ultra-royalists in France who represented the cause of the returned emigré nobility. Led by the king's (Louis XVIII) brother, Count of Artois (became Charles X), they reduced voting rights and placed restrictions on civil liberties, including freedom of the press.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau (Romanticism)
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Early Romantic whose ideas that society and material prosperity had corrupted human nature profoundly influenced Romantic Writers. In Emile, Rousseau argued that children should be given maximum freedom to explore and learn. He believed that the uniqueness of each individual should be protected against an artificial society.
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Methodism
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Movement within the Anglican Church as a reaction against deism and rationalism. Many people need/want a more personal / emotional religion. Enlightenment influenced Christianity wasn't cutting it for a lot of people. Thus, The Methodist Church stressed enthusiastic, emotional experiences as part of Christian conversion. You've all seen "tent revivals" They were created during the Romantic Movement. Hopefully, all of this stuff is beginning to connect together.
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John Wesley
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Founder of the Methodist Church. (see Methodism)
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Casper David Friedrich
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Romantic artist. (creepy tree guy)
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Eugene Delacroix
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Romantic Artist
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Goya
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Romantic Artist
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Hegel
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THE philosopher of the Romantic era. This German scholar had much influence on the world. Conflict drives history. The conflict of ideas. HE believed that a dominant idea (thesis) infuses an era, but produces its own conflicting idea (antithesis). The Conflict between them produces a new synthesis. And so on and so on. Significance: all periods of history have equal value because each was necessary to achieve the world we have today. Same goes for cultures.
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Immanuel Kant
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He was an enlightenment philosopher who tried to fit the Enlightenment notions of freedom and rationalism with Individualism and the subjective nature of human knowledge. We don't just suck up information. Our minds impose order on the world. Scary implication: your view of reality is really just based on how your brain makes sense of the world. But everyone's brain is going to organize that world differently.
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Categorical Imperative
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Although "reason" is a limited way to understand the world, we each have the ability to access the world of conscience. Kant thought all humans possessed an inborn sense of our moral duty (the categorical imperative) to act according to rules that we would expect all humans to live by.
