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tells a story by presenting events in an orderly, logical sequence

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What is narration?

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the dominant pattern

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What can narration be in many kinds of writing?

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structure

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Narration can provide the ___ for the entire essay.

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to recount events or to create a particular mood or impression OR in college essays to present a sequence of events for the purpose of supporting a thesis

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Purpose of a narrative essay

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usually explicit but may also be implied through selection and arrangement of events

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What type of thesis is in a narrative essay?

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rich, specific details- they add interest and authenticity to the narrative

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What do narratives need in order to be convincing and why?

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when narratives present a long series of events, all the sentences can begin to sound alike and it is boring

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Why is variety of sentence structure important in narrative?

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extremely important in writing that recounts events in a fixed order because tenses indicate temporal (time) relationships and it must be consistent in tense so that it is easy for the audience to follow

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Why is verb tense important in narrative?

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smoothly help link events in time

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What do transitions do in narrative?

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will recount events that make up your narrative

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Body paragraphs of narrative

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contains thesis

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Introduction of narrative

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will give your readers the sense that your narrative is complete, perhaps by restating your thesis or by summarizing key points or events

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Conclusion of narrative

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Does your assignment call for narration? Does your essay's thesis communicate the significance of the events you discuss? Have you included enough specific detail? Have you varied your sentence structure? Is the order of events clear to readers? Have you varied sentence openings and combined short sentences to avoid monotony? Do your transitions indicate the order of events and signal shifts in time?

answer

Things to ask when thinking if prompt is asking for narrative

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run-ons

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Something to extremely check when editing narratives

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occurs when two sentences are incorrectly joined without punctuation

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Fused sentense

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occurs when two sentences are incorrectly joined with just a comma

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Comma splice

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use a period to create two separate sentences; use a period to create two separate sentences; join the sentences with a semicolon; join the sentences with a semicolon and a transitional word or phrase ; create a complex sentence by adding a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun to one of the sentences.

answer

5 ways to correct run-ons

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uses one or more particular cases to illustrate or explain a general point or an abstract concept

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Exemplification

question

used in every kind of writing situation to explain and clarify, to add interest, and to persuade

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When is exemplification used?

question

it adds clarity, creates interest, also used to persuade

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Why use examples in exemplification?

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put yourself in the readers shoes; if you don't find it interesting then neither will readers

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What should you do to test exemplification's effectiveness?

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transitions

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What is important to use when introducing different examples in exemplification?

question

one special organizational problem

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What does exemplification present?

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chronologically, order of importance, order of increasing complexity

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What are some ways to introduce examples in exemplification?

question

Does your essay have a clear thesis statement that identifies the point you will illustrate? Do your examples explain and clarify your thesis statement? Have you provided enough examples? Have you used a range of examples? Are your examples persuasive? Do your examples add interest? Have you used transitional words and phrases that reinforce the connection between your examples and your thesis statement?

answer

Things to be sure of when revising exemplification essay?

question

tells what something looks like or what it feels like, sounds like, smells like, or tastes like; often goes beyond personal sense impressions

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Description essay

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you focus on the object itself rather than on your personal reactions to it; literal picture of your subject

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Objective description

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conveys your personal response to your subject through your choice of words and phrasing.

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Subjective description

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dictionary definitions

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Denotations

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emotional associations to a word

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Connotations

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reference to a person, place, event

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Allusion

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aim is not simply to tell readers what something looks like but to show them

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Why does description rely on specific details?

question

implied

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What kind of thesis do descriptive essays usually have?

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Does your descriptive essay clearly communicate its thesis or dominant impression? Is your description primarily objective or subjective? If your description is primarily objective, have you used precise, factual language? Would your essay be enriched by a visual? If your description is primarily subjective, have you used figures of speech as well as words that convey your feelings and emotions? Have you included enough specific details? Have you arranged your details in a way that supports your thesis and communicates your dominant impression? Have you used the transitional words and phrases that readers need to follow your description?

answer

What to make sure when revising a descriptive essay?

question

essay explains how to do something or how something occurs; sequence of steps and shows how those steps lead to a particular result

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Process essay

question

narration

answer

What is a process essay much like?

question

presents events in chronological order

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How are narration and process alike?

question

process explains a particular series of events that produces the same outcome whenever it is duplicated

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How are narration and process different?

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you must make clear the exact order of the individual steps, as well as their relationships to one another and to the process as a whole, so that if someone is doing the process they know what is happening

answer

Why is clarity important in procesS?

question

Set of instructions or process explanation

answer

What are the two kinds of process essays?

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to enable readers to perform a process

answer

What are the purposes of instruction in process explanation essays?

question

Commands; avoid bc the reader needs to understand the process, not perform it (don't use second person you, just explaining the process)

answer

What is the imperative mood and why do you avoid it in process explanation?

question

to depict process accurately

answer

What is the primary goal in writing a process essay?

question

Explain reasons for steps, describe unfamiliar materials, define terms, warn readers about possible problems that may occur

answer

How do you accommodate your audience when writing a process essay?

question

Take a strong stand

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If your purpose is to persuade, what might you do in the thesis of your essay?

question

To ensure each stage leads to the next

answer

Why is using transition well important to this type of essay?

question

5

answer

Process essays are not difficult to organize. If you want to explain four major stages in the process, how many paragraphs would your paper need (provided that each stage is not too detailed)?

question

conclusion

answer

A process essay might not need a formal _________.

question

first person, third person, past tense, present tense

answer

What tense may process essays use?

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depending on whether a writer is explaining a process that takes place regularly or one that occurred in the past and also depending on whether the writer or someone else carries out the steps

answer

Why do process explanations styles vary?

question

process

answer

What type of writing do college essays usually call for?

question

Does your assignment call for a set of instructions or a process explanation? Is your essay's style appropriate for the kind of process essay (instructions or process explanation) you are writing? Does your essay have a clearly stated thesis that identifies the process and perhaps tells why it is (or was) performed? Have you included all necessary steps? Are the steps presented in strict chronological order? Do transitions clearly indicate where one step ends and the next begins? Have you included all necessary reminders and cautions?

answer

Things to keep in mind when revising process essay?

question

analyzes why something happens;examine causes, describe effects, or do both

answer

Cause and effect essays

question

links situations and events together in time, with causes preceding effects

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How is cause and effect like narration?

question

involves more than sequence: cause-and-effect analysis explains why something happened — or is happening — and predicts what probably will happen

answer

How is cause and effect different from narration?

question

less important causes

answer

Contributory cause

question

closely precedes an effect and is therefore relatively easy to recognize

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Immediate cause

question

less obvious, perhaps because it involves something in the past or far away

answer

Remote cause

question

result of one action is the cause of another

answer

Causal chain

question

looking back at two events that occurred in chronological sequence and wrongly assuming that the first event caused the second

answer

Post hoc reasoning

question

chronological order, present causes or effects in the order in which they occurred, introduce the main cause first and then the contributory causes (or vice versa),begin by dismissing any events that were not causes and then explain what the real causes were

answer

Ways to arrange cause and effects

question

clear transitions

answer

What do cause and effects rely on?

question

Does your assignment call for a discussion of causes, of effects, or of both causes and effects? Does your essay have a clearly stated thesis that indicates whether you will focus on causes, effects, or both? Have you considered all possible causes and all possible effects? Have you distinguished between the main (most important) cause and the contributory (less important) causes? Have you distinguished between immediate and remote causes? Have you identified a causal chain in your reasoning? Have you avoided post hoc reasoning? Have you used transitional words and phrases to show how the causes and effects you discuss are related?

answer

Things to keep in mind when revision cause and effect essay

question

to influence

answer

Affect

question

a result

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Effect

question

About only daughter in a Mexican family of 6 sons; strict father not really high expectations; greatest accomplishment when reading book-proud

answer

Sandra Cisneros "Only Daughter"

question

flashback to life with lots of jobs most memorable was stage crew for rock production company; pink floyd had certain way to stack amps and had a required canopy roof fighting then canopy came loose and flew away; then went back to him asking class same question that he was asked with what to do in life

answer

Mark Edmundson "Pink Floyd Night School"

question

daughter calls to receive mothers social security check but doesn't get "death benefit" because her mother never had a real job- she was a stay @home mom

answer

Bonnie Smith-Yackel "My Mother Never Worked"

question

Woman coming home in the night was attacked and stabbed by man 3 times; many people heard shrieks first time but didn't call police

answer

Martin Gansberg "38 Who Saw the Murder and Didn't Call the Police"

question

father who is very precise who cooks many cultural means but is precise about how much to go where

answer

Jhumpa Lahiri "Rice"

question

crazy woman who tries different dog foods to see if the packaging is actually accurate

answer

Ann Hodgman "No Wonder They Call Me a B"

question

goes to world trade center memorial for first time and is recounting events and talks about the different things that she sees

answer

Suzanne Berne "Ground Zero"

question

talks about garbage and what should be properly disposed where to help conserve and help environment

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Heather Rogers "The Hidden Life of Garbage"

question

man takes sun back to lake to reminisce on when he use to go as a boy; sees many of the qualities that he had when he was little

answer

E.B. White "Once More to the Lake"

question

gets in car accident has to use wheelchair and talks about all the advantages that he actually has because of it

answer

David Burnbaum "The Catbird Seat"

question

talks about discrimination over ugly people just how it is just as discriminating over gender, race, or sexuality

answer

Deborah Rhode "Why Looks Are the Last Bastion of Discrimination"

question

why baseball players should use steroids and how it helps them and there isn't anything wrong with it

answer

Zev Chafets "Let Steroids into the Hall of Fame"

question

the struggles that a girl faces, expectations, and things she must do (like chores)

answer

Jamaica Kincaid "Girl"

question

dramatizing how getting coffee in a shop in a big city is "such a struggle"

answer

Stanley Fish "Getting Coffee is Hard to do"

question

steps in DIY decorating a room

answer

JOSHUA PIVEN, DAVID BORGENICHT, AND JENNIFER WORICK "How to Decorate Your Room When You're Broke"

question

talking about executions and how people pay to go watch stuff like that and the steps that occur

answer

ARTHUR MILLER "Get It Right: Privatize Executions"

question

steps of embalming a person

answer

JESSICA MITFORD "The Embalming of Mr. Jones"

question

talks about boxing and how people pay to see someone beaten to death and it is the enthusiasts fault for coming to see that effects of boxing

answer

NORMAN COUSINS "Who Killed Benny Paret?"

question

talks about how people rely on air conditioning and the effects that would be without

answer

STAN COX "The Case against Air Conditioning"

question

the effects of segregation in school

answer

LAWRENCE OTIS GRAHAM "The "Black Table" Is Still There"

question

effects of men inflicting pain over a girl and using their power ov er her

answer

LINDA M. HASSELSTROM "A Peaceful Woman Explains Why She Carries a Gun"

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