AP English Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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Logos
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appeals to facts
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Pathos
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appeals to emotion
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Ethos
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appeals to a person
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Quantitative Data
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numerical data (logos)
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Testimony
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an assertion offering firsthand authentication of a fact (ethos)
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Analogy
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drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity in some respect (pathos) EX: "I am to dancing what Roseanne is to singing and Donald Duck to motivational speeches. "
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Declarative sentence
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a sentence that makes a statement
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Imperative sentence
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a sentence that requests or commands
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Interrogative Sentence
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a sentence that asks a question
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Exclamatory Sentence
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a sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark
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Simple sentence
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a sentence having no coordinate clauses or subordinate clauses
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Compound sentence
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a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions
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Complex Sentence
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a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause
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Fragment
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a word, phrase, or clause that does not form a full sentence
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Cumulative Sentence
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a sentence where the main part of the sentence is first, followed by details, characteristics, etc.
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Periodic Sentence
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a sentence where the most important aspect comes at the very last
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Rhetorical Fragment
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A sentence fragment used for a persuasive purpose
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Parallel structure
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the repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures
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Antithesis
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the second sentence or part thus set in opposition, as in "give me liberty or give me death."
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Zeugma
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use of a word to govern two or more words though appropriate to only one EX: On his fishing trip, he caught three trout and a cold. ,
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Antimetabole
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the repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order: EX: "Stops static before static stops you."
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Rhetorical Question
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a statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered
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Tone
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the feeling of the piece
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Satiric Tone
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ridiculing to show weakness in order to make a point, teach
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Cynical tone
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believing the worst of human nature and motives
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Indifferent tone
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showing no care or concern in attitude or action
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Hostile tone
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very unfriendly
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Pun
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a humorous play on words
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Simile
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a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with 'like' or 'as')
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Metaphor
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a comparison without using like or as
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Personification
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representing an abstract quality or idea as a person or creature
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Paradox
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A figure of speech in which a statement appears to contradict itself. EX: "War is peace." "Freedom is slavery." "Ignorance is strength."
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Deductive
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general to specific
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Inductive
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specific to general
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Objective point of view
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no opinion on reporting an issue
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Subjective point of view
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having an opinion on reporting an issue
