question

Mercury

answer

Polyatomic Ion Hg2^+2

question

Ammonium

answer

Polyatomic Ion NH4^+1

question

Nitrite

answer

Polyatomic Ion NO2^-1

question

Nitrate

answer

Polyatomic Ion NO3^-1

question

Sulfite

answer

Polyatomic Ion NO3^-1

question

Sulfate

answer

Polyatomic Ion SO4^-2

question

Hydrogen Sulfate

answer

Polyatomic Ion HSO4^-1

question

Hydroxide

answer

Polyatomic Ion OH^-1

question

Cyanide

answer

Polyatomic Ion CN^-1

question

Phosphate

answer

Polyatomic Ion PO4^-3

question

Hydrogen Phosphate

answer

Polyatomic Ion PO4^-3

question

Dihydrogen Phosphate

answer

Polyatomic Ion H2PO4^-1

question

Thiocyanate

answer

Polyatomic Ion NCS^-1

question

Carbonate

answer

Polyatomic Ion CO3^-2

question

Hydrogen Carbonate

answer

Polyatomic Ion HCO3^-1

question

Hypochlorite

answer

Polyatomic Ion ClO^-1

question

Chlorite

answer

Polyatomic Ion ClO2^-1

question

Chlorate

answer

Polyatomic Ion ClO3^-1

question

Perchlorate

answer

Polyatomic Ion ClO4^-1

question

Acetate

answer

Polyatomic Ion C2H3O2^-1

question

Permanganate

answer

Polyatomic Ion MnO4^-1

question

Dechromate

answer

Polyatomic Ion Cr2O7^-2

question

Chromate

answer

Polyatomic Ion CrO4^-2

question

Peroxide

answer

Polyatomic Ion O2^-2

question

Oxalate

answer

Polyatomic Ion C2O^-2

question

mega

answer

M 10^6

question

kilo

answer

k 10^3

question

deka

answer

da 10^1

question

deci

answer

d 10^-1

question

centi

answer

c 10^-2

question

milli

answer

m 10^-3

question

micro

answer

µ 10^-6

question

nano

answer

n 10^-9

question

hydrochloric acid

answer

Strong Acid HCl

question

hydrobromic acid

answer

Strong Acid HBr

question

hydroiodic acid

answer

Strong Acid HBr

question

perchloric acid

answer

Strong Acid HClO4

question

nitric acid

answer

Strong Acid HNO3

question

periodic acid

answer

Strong Acid HIO4

question

sulfuric acid

answer

Strong Acid H2SO4

question

chloric acid

answer

Strong Acid HClO3

question

Synthesis Reaction

answer

Reaction involves ELEMENTS combining to form a SINGLE substance e.g.: A solid piece of sodium is dropped into a container of fluorine gas 2Na + F2 → 2NaF

question

Decomposition Reaction

answer

Reaction involves only ONE REACTANT, products are SIMPLE SALTS and OXIDE GASES.....CARBONATE = CO2 + other......HYDROXIDE = H2O + other Memorize: 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 (hydrogen peroxide)....and... 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 (potassium chlorate) e.g.: Solid calcium carbonate is heated CaCO3 → CO2 + CaO

question

Combustion Reaction

answer

Reaction when a substance COMBINES with OXYGEN (O2).....HYDROCARBON = H2O + CO2.....NON-HYDROCARBON = combine oxygen with non-hydrocarbon e.g.: Octane (C8H18) is burned 2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16CO2 + 18H2O

question

Mixing Two Salt Solutions Reaction

answer

KNOW SOLUBILITY RULES.....write the net ionic equation and be able to identify spectator ions e.g.: A solution of iron III sulfate is added to a solution of tin II chloride Sn^+2 + 2Fe^+3 → Sn^+4 + 2Fe^+2

question

Simple Redox Reaction

answer

Oxidized, reducing agent = lose electron Reduced, oxidizing agent = gain electron e.g.: A piece of zinc is oxidized by placing it into a solution of aluminum nitrate 3Zn + 2Al^+3 → 3Zn^+2 + 2Al

question

Complex Redox Reaction

answer

Use the "Common Oxidation State Changes" page to predict products and HALF-REACTION METHOD to solve it in both an acid and base environment to balance the reaction e.g.: A solution of tin II chloride is added to an acidified solution of potassium permanganate 5Sn^+2 + 2MnO4^- + 16H^+ → 5Sn^+4 + 2Mn^+2 + 8H2O

question

Hydrolysis Pure Alkali Metal Reaction

answer

2X + 2H2O → 2X^+2 + 2OH^- + H2

question

Hydrolysis Alkali Earth Metal Reaction

answer

X + 2H2O → X(OH)2 + H2

question

Hydrolysis Alkali Metal Hydride Reaction

answer

XH + H2O → X^+ + OH^- + H2

question

Hydrolysis Alkali Earth Metal Hydride Reaction

answer

XH2 + 2H2O → X(OH)2 + 2H2

question

Hydrolysis Alkali Metal Oxide Reaction

answer

X2O + H2O → 2X^+ + 2OH^-

question

Hydrolysis Alkali Earth Metal Oxide Reaction

answer

XO + H2O → X(OH)2

question

Hydrolysis Nonmetallic Oxide Reaction

answer

General Formula = nonmetallic oxide + water → acid If the acid is a STRONG ACID then a H is removed and it becomes H^+ + (strong acid - a H)^-

question

Strong Acid and Strong Base Reaction

answer

H^+ + OH^- → H2O Strong Bases tend to end with HYDROXIDE

question

Strong Acid and Weak Base Reaction

answer

H^+ + weak base → (weak base + H)^+ Weak Bases tend to end with INE

question

Weak Acid and Strong Base Reaction

answer

OH^- + strong base → H2O + (strong base)^- Strong Bases tend to end with HYDROXIDE

question

Weak Acid and Weak Base Reaction

answer

weak acid + weak base → (weak base)^+ + (weak acid)^- Weak Bases tend to end with INE

question

OH^-

answer

Base pH<7 Proton acceptors

question

H^+

answer

Acid pH>7 Proton donors

question

Solubility Rules

answer

(1) All Nitrate (No3-1) salts are soluble (2) Most salts containing the alkali metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Rb+) and the ammonium ion (NH4+) are soluble (3) Most chloride, bromide, and iodide salts are soluble. Notable exceptions are salts containing the ions Ag+, Pb+2, and Hg2+2 (4) Most sulfate salts are soluble. Notable exceptions are BaSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4, and CaSO4 (5) Most hydroxide salts are nonsoluble. The important soluble hydroxides are NaOH and KOH. The compounds Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2 are soluble (6) Most sulfide (S-2), carbonate (Co3-2), chromate (CrO4-2), and phosphate (PO4-3) salts are nonsoluble

question

Sig Figs

answer

Any non-zero digit is significant Any zero to the left of non-zero digits is not significant Any zero between significant digits is significant Zeroes at the end of the number and to the right of the decimal point are significant Zeroes at the end of the number without a decimal point are not significant

question

Density

answer

D=M/V

question

JJ Thompson

answer

Cathode ray tube Plum Pudding Model : found that atoms must have negative particles (electrons)

question

Milikan

answer

Spray oil particles in a chamber Found the mass of electron

question

Rutherford

answer

Gold Foil Experiment Atom is mostly empty, small positive center

question

Dalton

answer

First person to publish a table of relative atomic masses Some were were wrong (didn't know about diatomic elements)

question

Average atomic mass of an element

answer

(mass of isotope)x(percent present) + (mass of another isotope)x(percent present) = amu

question

Avogadro's Number

answer

6.022 x 10^23 = 1 mole

question

Mass Percent in a Compound

answer

Take the mass of each element and multiply by how many moles of each element is present. Add all the numbers together (A). To find the mass percent, divide the total mass of the element by the total mass of the compound (A) and multiply by 100.

question

Empirical Formula

answer

A formula showing the lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound Find out how many moles are present for each element and divide it by the element with the smallest moles present to get the empirical formula.

question

Molecular Formula

answer

A formula that tells how many atoms are present in a molecule Take the molar mass of the molecular formula and divide it by the molar mass of the empirical formula which will give you a whole number. Times the values in the empirical formula by this whole number to find the molecular formula

question

"like dissolves like"

answer

Polar dissolves polar Non~polar dissolves non~polar Polar dissolves ionic (cause it's polar) Water is polar

question

Molarity

answer

M moles/L expression of concentration

question

Dilution

answer

M1V1=M2V2

question

Precipitation

answer

Ax+Bz → Az + Bx cations always go first know solubility rules

question

Cation

answer

Positive ion

question

Anion

answer

Negative ion

question

Molecular equation

answer

Gives overall reaction, good for stoichiometry

question

Complete ionic equation

answer

All strong electrolytes are shown as ions

question

Net ionic equation

answer

Only shows species that go through chemical change Spectator ions left out

question

Oxidation States

answer

OIL RIG (1) An element (by itself) 0 (2) An ion (with the charge) charge of the ion (3) Fluorine in its compound -1 (4) Oxygen (except: peroxides) -2 (-1) (5) Hydrogen +1

question

Kinetic Energy

answer

KE = (1/2)mv^2

question

Work

answer

measure in joules (J) Force x Distance (FxD) OR Pressure x Change in Volume (Px∆V) Energy loss (system expands) Work is negative Energy gained (system contracts) Work is positive

question

Exothermic

answer

Heat flows out of the system

question

Endothermic

answer

Hear flows into system

question

∆E

answer

q (heat) + w (work) -∆E system loses NRG +∆E system gains NRG

question

∆H/Enthalpy change/"heat of reaction"

answer

q (heat) = mC∆T endothermic ∆H>0 exothermic ∆H<0 ∆Hrxn = ∆Hproducts - ∆Hreactants "Standard State" = 25°C, 1 atm, 1M concentration

question

Heat Equation

answer

q = mC∆T (J)

question

Wavelength

answer

λ (m)

question

Speed of light

answer

c = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s

question

Frequency

answer

ν (s^-1) or (Hz)

question

∆E per photon

answer

hν (J per photon) h = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js

question

Bohr Model

answer

E = -2.178 x 10^-18 J (z^2/n^2)

question

Heisenberg

answer

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle limit how certain we are of position and momentum at the same time, radiation used to find particle changes the particle's momentum

question

Aufbau

answer

Aufau Principle electrons fill in order from lowest to highest energy Pauli Exclusion Principle: no two electrons in the same atom can have the same four quantum numbers ↓↑ yes ↑↑no ↓↓no

question

Hund

answer

Hund's rule have to fill all the boxes before the second time goes through ↑ ↑ ↑ yes ↑↓↑ no

question

First ionization energy

answer

↑→ big atom = low IE small atom = big IE

question

Atom size

answer

↓← effective nuclear charge = protons - core e⁻

question

(2,0)

answer

sp linear 180°

question

(3,0)

answer

sp² trigonal planar 120°

question

(2,1)

answer

sp² bent <120°

question

(4,0)

answer

sp³ tetrahedral 109.5°

question

(3,1)

answer

sp³ trigonal pyramidal <109.5°

question

(2,2)

answer

sp³ bent <109.5°

question

(1,3)

answer

sp³ linear/terminal NA

question

(5,0)

answer

sp³d trigonal bipyramidal 90° + 120° + 180°

question

(4,1)

answer

sp³d seesaw 90° + 120° + 180°

question

(3,2)

answer

sp³d T-shaped 90° + 180°

question

(2,3)

answer

sp³d linear 180°

question

(6,0)

answer

sp³d² octahedral 90° + 180°

question

(5,1)

answer

sp³d² square pyramidal 90°

question

(4,2)

answer

sp³d² square planar 90°

question

Single Bond

answer

Sigma bond (δ)

question

Double Bond

answer

Sigma bond and Pi bond

question

Triple Bond

answer

Sigma bond and 2 Pi bonds

question

Collision Theory

answer

Particles must move toward each other Particles must hit with proper orientation Particles must hit with sufficiently high energy Particles will separate after reaction occurs

question

Eareverse

answer

∆H + Eaforward

question

Catalyst

answer

lowers the activation hill does NOT change the PE of the products of reactants does NOT change ∆H does NOT affect EQBM

question

Activation Energy

answer

k=Ae^-Ea/RT R = 8.314 J/molK. Ea = J/mol. T = K. A = frequency factor

question

Differential Rate Law

answer

K = L^(n-1)/mol^(n-1)s "0" change in [] does not affect anything "1" [] changes, so does the rate (double [], double rate) "2" [] changes, the rate is squared (double [], x4 rate., triple [], x9 rate)

question

Equilibrium constant

answer

nA + mB ↔ pC + qD K=([C]^p[D]^q)/([A]^n[B]^m) Knew = (Koriginal)⁻¹ →rxn flips Knew = (Koriginal)^n →n = factor Kp = K(RT)^∆n → R=.08206 ∆n = coefficients of prod. - react.

question

Reaction Quotient

answer

Q=([C]₀^p[D]₀^q)/([A]₀^n[B]₀^m) Q=K system already at equilibrium Q>K system will shift LEFT, too may products Q<K system will shift RIGHT, too many reactants

question

Change in pressure

answer

P↑P↓→side w/ more less gas ions P↓P↑→side w/ more gas ions

question

Change in temperature

answer

heat↑heat↓→side w/o heat heat↓heat↑→side w/ heat

question

Change in concentration

answer

→opposite side

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