question

Cr l Cr³⁺ ll NO₃^- l NO l H⁺ l Pt is read how?

answer

The two redox half reactions are taking place as follows:

Cr --> Cr³⁺ + 3e^-
3e^- + 4H⁺ + NO₃^- --> NO + 2H₂O

question

anode is oxidation or reduction?

answer

oxidation - Anode and Oxidation, vowels go with vowels

question

cathode is oxidation or reduction?

answer

reduction - Cathode and Reduction, consonants go with each other

question

for ΔS, does a negative or positive sign tend toward order?

answer

negative

question

covalently bonded oxides bubbled into water make?
(SO₂ + H₂O --> ?)

answer

acids
(H₂SO₃₎

question

Ionically bonded oxides bubbled into water form what?
(CaO + H₂O --> ?)

answer

bases
(Ca(OH)₂)

question

a -ΔH means that the reaction is ____thermic and that heat is a ____________ in the equation

answer

exothermic, and product
(a negative relationship produces an ex)

question

a polyatomic with 2 or more O for each H is a (strong/weak) acid?

answer

strong

question

an acid with any halogen but F makes a (strong/weak) acid.

answer

strong

question

HF is a (strong/weak) acid

answer

weak

question

an acid with carbon is (strong/weak)

answer

weak

question

an acid with a difference of 1 between H and O is (strong/weak)
(ex: H₂SO₃)

answer

weak

question

group I and II elements + OH^- make ____ bases
(Ca(OH)₂)

answer

strong

question

a base with a transition metal in it makes a ______ base

answer

weak

question

a base with N & H together is _______
(NH₃)

answer

weak

question

amphoteric/amphiprotic

answer

could act as an acid or a base
(ex: HPO₄^2-)

question

Le Chatelier's principle

answer

when something is introduced into a system, the reaction proceeds to use that something up
;
can be used to explain the effect that temperature, concentration, or pressure changes have on a reaction

question

equilibrium is a(n) ____________ step

answer

elementary

question

Intermediate

answer

produced and used up in a mechanism
;
can't be used in rate law

question

catalyst

answer

product and reactant, used to speed up a reaction

question

clausius-clapyeron equation

answer

ln(P₁/P₂) = (-ΔH_vap/R)((1/T₂)-(1/T₁))
ln(k₁/k₂) = (-E_a/R)((1/T₂)-(1/T₁))

R=8.31 J/molxK

question

integrated rate laws

answer

zero order: [A] = -kt+[A]_o
first order: ln[A] = -kt+ln[A]_o
second order: 1/[A]=kt+(1/[A]_o)

question

half-life equations

answer

zero order: [A]_o/2k
first order: .693/k
second order: 1/[A]_ok

question

what 4 things speed up a reaction?

answer

addition of a catalyst, or the increase of heat, surface area, and concentration

question

osmotic pressure

answer

in the case of two solutions of different concentrations separated by a semi-permeable membrane, it is the pressure of water on the membrane to equalize the concentrations

question

strong electrolyte

answer

completely dissolves in water

question

weak electrolyte

answer

partially dissociates in water

question

i

answer

van't hoff factor, measures the ions produced - reactant ions

question

when ions are added, vapor pressure is __________, and the equation for the new vapor pressure is ___________

answer

lowered
P_soln=(mols of solvent/(mols solvent + (mols solute x i)))(P_solvent)

question

when ions are added to a solution, the boiling point is __________

answer

elevated

question

When ions are added to a solution, the freezing point is ___________

answer

lowered

question

when ions are added to a solution, osmotic pressure is _________________

answer

elevated

question

bond order

answer

(bonding e^- - antibonding e^-)/2

question

bond energy

answer

goes down as radius goes up
low bond length means high BE
triple;double;single
BERP -; Bond Energy = Reactants - Products

question

formal charge

answer

0 is ideal
if not ^, then most electronegative is -, while least is +
each atom gets 2 per lone pair, and 1 per bond
valence electrons - electrons controlled in the molecule
ex: CF₄ - each bond is :::F-C
F: 7-7=0
C: 4-4=0
0(1) + 0(4)=0

question

expanded octet

answer

large radii, low electronegativity, low zeff
ex: Xe, Kr, I, Br, S, Se, P

question

incomplete octet

answer

Be (4 valence e^-), B (6 valence e^-)

question

quantum numbers

answer

n - period # for s ; p orbitals, period-1 for d, -2 for f
l - orbital, s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3
m - can be any number between -l and l (pick 0 to be safe)
s - can be 1/2 or -1/2, doesn't matter which

question

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

answer

the more we know about where a particle is right now, the less we know about how fast it's going and the direction that it's going, and vice versa

question

Aufbau principle

answer

must fill to next level before jumping to n=1
(all of 2s and 2p must be filled before going to 3s)

question

Hund's rule

answer

place 1 e^- in each orbital before doubling up
(this creates magnetic field in molecules with any unfilled orbitals)

question

isotope, isoelectronic, isomer

answer

isotope - same protons, different neutrons
isoelectronic - different elements, same e^-
isomer - same formula, different structure

question

organic naming - single/double/triple bonds and 1-8 carbons in backbone

answer

-ane -; only single bonds in backbone
-ene -; has a double bond in backbone
-yne -; has a triple bond in backbone
;
meth- one
eth- two
prop - three
but - four
pent - five
hex - six
hept - seven
oct - eight

question

hydrogen bonds

answer

when hydrogen bonds to N,O,F
only in a polar molecule
form of IMF

question

network covalent

answer

strongest type of bond
Si forms a network covalent

question

AX₂

answer

linear, 180^o

question

AX₃

answer

trigonal planar, 120^o

question

AX₂E

answer

bent, 120^o

question

AX₄

answer

tetrahedral, 109.5^o

question

AX₃E

answer

trigonal pyramidal, 109.5^o

question

AX₂E₂

answer

bent, 109.5^o

question

AX₅

answer

trigonal bipyramidal, 90^o, 120^o

question

AX₄E

answer

seesaw, 180^o, 120^o

question

AX₃E₂

answer

T-Shape, 180^o, 90^o

question

AX₂E₃

answer

linear, 180^o

question

AX₆

answer

octahedral, 90^o

question

AX₅E

answer

square pyramidal, 90^o

question

AX₄E₂

answer

square planar, 90^o

question

AX₇

answer

pentagonal bipyramidal, 90^o, 72^o

question

alcohol

answer

-anol, OH is bonded to an outer backbone carbon

question

aldehyde

answer

-anal, O is double bonded to an outer backbone carbon

question

ketone

answer

-anone, O is double bonded to an inner backbone carbon

question

carboxylic acid

answer

-anoic acid, O double bonded and OH bonded to the same end backbone carbon, called carboxyl group

question

oxidation numbers

answer

element is 0
Monatomic ion is same as charge
F = -1
O = -2, except in peroxides = -1
H = +1

question

state change ;G=?

answer

;G=0

question

colors:
Cr
MnO₄^-
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Pb as solid

answer

Cr - orangeish
MnO₄^- - purple
Fe - orange
Co - pink
Ni - green
Cu - blue
Pb as solid - yellow

question

MnO₄^- reduced in acidic produces _________

answer

Mn²⁺

question

MnO₂ reduced in acidic produces _________

answer

Mn²⁺

question

MnO₄^- reduced in neutral/basic produces _________

answer

MnO_2(s)

question

Cr₂O₇^2- reduced in acidic produces _________

answer

Cr³⁺

question

concentrated HNO₃ reduced produces _________

answer

NO₂

question

dilute HNO₃ reduced produces _________

answer

NO

question

hot, concentrated H₂SO₄ reduced produces _________

answer

SO₂

question

metal-ic ions reduced produces _____________
(Fe³⁺)

answer

metal-ous ions
(Fe²⁺)

question

Free halogens reduced produces ______________
(I₂)

answer

halide ions
(I^-)

question

Na₂O₂ reduced produces _____________

answer

NaOH

question

HClO₄ reduced produces _________

answer

Cl^-

question

H₂O₂ reduced produces _________

answer

H₂O

question

C₂O₄^2- oxidized produces _________

answer

CO₂

question

Halide ions oxidized produces _________
(I^-)

answer

free halogens
(I₂)

question

free metals oxidized produces _________
(Fe)

answer

metal ions
(Fe²⁺)

question

SO₃^- or SO₂oxidized produces _________

answer

SO₄^-

question

NO₂^-oxidized produces _________

answer

NO₃^-

question

free halogens oxidized in a dilute, basic soln produces _________

answer

hypohalite ions
;

question

free halogens oxidized in a concentrated basic soln produces _________

answer

halate ions

question

metal-ous ions oxidized produces _________
(Fe²⁺)

answer

metal-ic ions
(Fe³⁺)

question

H₂O₂ oxidized produces _________

answer

O₂

question

Lewis Acid/Base combination
(BF₃ + NH₃ --> ?)

answer

addition
(BF₃NH₃)

question

metallic oxides + P₄O₁₀ --> ?
(CaO + P₄O₁₀ --> ?)

answer

metallic phosphates
(Ca₃(PO₄)₂)

question

metallic oxides + CO₂ --> ?
(CaO + CO₂ --> ?)

answer

metallic carbonates
(CaCO₃)

question

metallic oxides + SO₃ --> ?
(CaO + SO₃ --> ?)

answer

metallic sulfates
(CaSO₄)

question

metals + gases --> ?
(Na + O₂--> ?)

answer

ionic crystals
(Na₂O)

question

metallic oxides + SO₂ --> ?
(CaO + SO₂--> ?)

answer

metallic sulfites
(CaSO₃)

question

H₂O₂--> ?

answer

O₂+ 2 H₂O

question

metallic carbonates --> ?
(CaCO₃ --> ?)

answer

metallic oxides + CO₂
(CaO + CO₂)

question

metallic chlorates --> ?
(NaClO₃)

answer

metallic chlorides + O₂
(NaCl + O₂)

question

NH₃ + limited O₂ --> ?

answer

NO + H₂O

question

NH₃ + excess O₂ --> ?

answer

NO₂ + H₂O

question

metallic sulfides + O₂ --> ?
(CaS + O₂ --> ?)

answer

metallic oxide + SO₂
(CaO + SO₂)

question

Ideal behavior is when pressure is _______ and temperature is ________ because ________________

answer

low pressure, high temperature, because particles don't come close enough for IMFs to form

question

E^o_cell= ?

answer

E^o_reduction - E^o_oxidation

question

voltaic/galvanic cell means ________________

answer

spontaneous

question

electrolytic cell means __________________

answer

nonspontaneous

question

concentration in a saturated solution is ________________

answer

independent of volume

question

solubility: NO₃^-

answer

all nitrates are soluble

question

solubility: C₂H₃O₂^-

answer

all acetates are soluble except AgC₂H₃O₂

question

solubility: ClO₃^-

answer

All Chlorates are soluble

question

solubility: Cl^-

answer

all Chlorides are soluble except AgCl, Hg₂Cl₂, and PbCl₂

question

solubility: Br^-

answer

all bromides are soluble except AgBr, PbBr₂, Hg₂Br₂, and HgBr₂

question

solubility: I^-

answer

all iodides are soluble except AgI, Hg₂I₂, HgI₂, and PbI₂

question

solubility SO₄^2-

answer

all sulfates are soluble except BaSO₄,PbSO₄,Hg₂SO₄, CaSO₄, Ag₂SO₄, and SrSO₄,

question

solubility group IA elements and NH₄⁺

answer

all are soluble

question

solubility CO₃^2-

answer

all carbonates are insoluble except those of the IA elements and NH₄⁺

question

solubility CrO₄^2-

answer

all chromates are insoluble except those of the IA elements, NH₄⁺, CaCrO₄, and SrCrO₄

question

solubility OH^-

answer

all hydroxides are insoluble except those of the IA elements, NH₄⁺, Ba(OH)₂, Sr(OH)₂, and Ca(OH)₂

question

solubility PO₄^3-

answer

all phosphates are insoluble except those of the IA elements and NH₄⁺

question

solubility SO₃^2-

answer

All sulfites are insoluble except those of the IA elements and NH₄⁺

question

Solubility S^2-

answer

all sulfides are insoluble except those of the IA and IIA elements and NH₄⁺

question

end point of a titration

answer

the point in a titration at which the indicator undergoes it's color change

AP Chem review for test – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards