question

matter

answer

any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space

question

atoms

answer

small particles that make up all matter

question

electrons

answer

negatively charged subatomic particles that are transferred and shared between atoms

question

ion

answer

a charged particle

question

acid

answer

any substance that dissociates in water to increase the concentration of H+ ions; pH values of acids are from 1-7

question

base

answer

any substance that combines with H+ ions when dissolved in water; pH values from 7-14

question

oxidation

answer

the loss of an electron

question

reduction

answer

the gain of an electron

question

molecules

answer

groups of atoms held together by energy in a stable association

question

chemical bond

answer

joins atoms in a molecule

question

ionic bond

answer

attraction between ions of opposite charge in an ionic compound

question

covalent bond

answer

a stable chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

question

pH

answer

indicates concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution (the more H+ ions a solution produces, the lower its pH; pH scale- less than 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 is basic)

question

chemical reactions

answer

formation and breaking of chemical bonds

question

hydrogen bonds

answer

the weak bond bridging hydrogen atoms and atoms of the opposite charge

question

adhesion

answer

attraction of water molecules to other molecules

question

cohesion

answer

attraction of water molecules to water molecules

question

reactants

answer

original molecules before the reaction starts

question

products

answer

molecules resulting from the chemical reaction

question

hydrophobic

answer

when nonpolar molecules do not form hydrogen bonds with water ("fearing water")

question

hydrophilic

answer

when polar molecules readily form hydrogen bonds with water ("water-loving")

question

hydrocarbons

answer

biological molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

question

functional groups

answer

specific groups of atoms with definite chemical properties that they retain no matter where they occur

question

dehydration synthesis

answer

condensation reaction in which the -OH and H groups are removed during the synthesis of a new molecule- water is removed

question

hydrolysis

answer

process in which a hydrogen atom is attached to one subunit and a hydroxyl group to the other- water is added

question

denaturation

answer

process in which a protein's shape is changed due to a change in its environment- pH change, temperature, or ionic concentration of surrounding solution affect it

question

Enzyme

answer

Biological catalyst made of amino acids.

question

Substrate

answer

Reactant an enzyme catalyzes

question

Active Site

answer

structure on the enzyme

question

Reactants

answer

The molecules needed for a chemical reaction to occur

question

Products

answer

Molecules that are made when a chemical reaction is over

question

Activation Energy

answer

The amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.

question

Heat of Reaction

answer

The difference in energy between the reactants and products of a chemical reaction

question

Exothermic

answer

a reaction that has a "-" heat of reaction b/c it releases more energy that it stores

question

Endothermic

answer

a reaction that has a "+" heat of reaction and stores more energy than it releases.

question

Catalyst

answer

Speeds up a chemical reaction

question

Variables that effect enzyme reaction rate

answer

Temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration

question

denature

answer

enzyme becomes "inactive" due to changes in the active site structure

question

enzyme specificity

answer

enzyme only bonds to one substrate due to shape of active site

question

cell membrane

answer

regulates movement of materials in and out of cells, maintains cell shape and allows cells to communicate with each other

question

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

answer

makes or synthesizes lipids, detoxification of drugs/medicines

question

rough endoplasmic reticulum

answer

has ribosomes associated with it and transports proteins

question

ribosomes

answer

makes proteins

question

Golgi

answer

modifies, sorts and packages substances made by the cell and sends them to vacuoles, other organelles or out of the cell

question

lysosomes

answer

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

question

vacuoles

answer

store food and water

question

mitochondria

answer

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

question

chloroplast

answer

organelle in plant cells that converts the energy in sunlight into sugars

question

centrioles

answer

Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division

question

nucleus

answer

the control center of the cell

question

nucleolus

answer

makes ribosomes

question

chromosomes

answer

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

question

cytoplasm

answer

a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

question

nuclear membrane

answer

double membrane surrounding the nucleus that controls what enters and leaves the nucleus

question

Organelle

answer

a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

question

Cell theory

answer

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

question

phospholipid

answer

A type of lipid that makes up the cell membrane.

question

cytoskeleton

answer

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

question

Prokaryote

answer

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

question

Eukaryote

answer

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

question

Cell Wall

answer

strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria

question

phospholipid

answer

a lipid made of a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails

question

lipid bilayer

answer

cell membranes composed of two layers of phospholipids, with the tails pointed inwards towards each other, and the heads facing outward

question

cell surface markers

answer

a membrane protein that identifies the cell type

question

receptor proteins

answer

a membrane protein that binds to signals outside the cell

question

transport proteins

answer

transports substances unable to diffuse across a cell membrane

question

active transport

answer

energy is required to move a substance across a cell membrane

question

passive transport

answer

no energy is required to transport substances across cell membranes

question

equilibrium

answer

when randomly moving molecules fill up a space evenly

question

concentration

answer

the amount of a particular substance in a given volume

question

concentration gradient

answer

a difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance

question

diffusion

answer

substances moving down the concentration gradient (from high to low concentration)

question

simple diffusion

answer

small, nonpolar molecules passing directly through the lipid bilayer

question

facilitated diffusion

answer

transport proteins helping ions and polar molecules to diffuse through the bilayer

question

channel proteins (pores)

answer

tunnels that open for ions and polar molecules to pass through the cell membrane

question

carrier proteins

answer

a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane by changing shape

question

osmosis

answer

the process of water diffusing across a selectively permeable membrane

question

water channels

answer

channel proteins that aid in osmosis, and only allow water molecules to pass through

question

hypertonic solution

answer

the solute has high concentration, the water has low, water moves out of the cell

question

hypotonic solution

answer

the solute has low concentration, the water has high, water moves into the cell

question

isotonic solution

answer

the solute and water have an equal concentration to the cell's cytoplasm, water moves into and out of the cell at equal rates

question

contractile vacuoles

answer

colllect excess water in unicellular eukaryotes and force the water out of the cell

question

sodium-potassium pump

answer

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport 3 sodium ions out of a cell, and 2 potassium ions into a cell

question

endocytosis

answer

the process of a large substance moving into a cell using a vesicle

question

exocytosis

answer

the process of a large substance moving out of a cell by means of a vesicle

question

signaling cell

answer

a cell that produces a signal that is detected by a target cell

question

signal

answer

anything that serves to direct, guide or warn

question

target cell

answer

a cell that responds to a signal sent by a signaling cell

question

receptor proteins

answer

a protein that binds to specific signal molecules, causing the cell to respond

question

binding site

answer

the outer folds of a receptor protein, where the signal binds

question

permeability change

answer

transport proteins opening or closing in response to a signal

question

second messenger

answer

a signal molecule inside a cell, generated when a substance attaches to the outside of the cell membrane, causes changes in the cytoplasm and nucleus

question

Mitosis

answer

in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes

question

Meiosis

answer

(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

question

Cytokinesis

answer

organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

question

Chromatin

answer

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.

question

Sister Chromatids

answer

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.

question

Centromere

answer

a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape

question

Cell Cycle

answer

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

question

Interphase

answer

the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions

question

Centrioles

answer

Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division

question

Nucleoli

answer

dense masses of RNA and protein that manufacture ribosomes, several of these are located in the nucleus.

question

Prophase

answer

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

question

Metaphase

answer

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

question

Anaphase

answer

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

question

Telophase

answer

the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes

question

Cell Plate

answer

A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.

question

Cleavage Furrow

answer

pinching of the cell ("drawstring"): develops in animal cells only

question

Meiosis II

answer

the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two

question

Prophase I

answer

The first phase of meiosis I. the replicated chromosomes condense, homologous chromsomes pair up, crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes, the spindle is formed, and the nuclear envelope breaks apart into vesicles. the longest phase of meiosis.

question

Anaphase I

answer

The third phase of meiosis I. the replicated homologous chromosomes are separated (the tetrad is split) and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.

question

Metaphase I

answer

The second phase of meiosis I. the paired homologous chromsomes (tetrads) align at the center of the cell (the metaphase plate).

question

Telophase I

answer

The fourth of meiosis I. the number of chromosoms is now reduced by half. After this phase the cell is considered to be haploid. Note however, that the chromosomes are still replicated, and the sister chromatids must still be separated during meiosis II.

question

Prophase II

answer

The first phase of meiosis II. identical to the mitotic step, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I.

question

Metaphase II

answer

The second phase of meiosis II. identical to the mitotic step, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I.

question

Anaphase II

answer

The third phase of meiosis II. the sister chromatids are finally spearated at their centromeres and puled to opposite sides of teh cell. is identical to mitotic anaphase, excep the number of chromosmes was reduced by half during meiosis I.

question

Telophase II

answer

The fourth and final phase of meiosis II. the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis. I.

question

Haploid

answer

term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes

question

Diploid

answer

(genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

question

Synapsis

answer

the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis

question

Tetrads

answer

the paired chromosomes consisting of four chromatids

question

Crossing Over

answer

the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis

question

Somatic Cells

answer

any cell other than a gamete, has 46 chromosomes, body cells

question

Gametes

answer

sex cells

question

Zygote

answer

a fertilized egg

question

g1 Checkpoint

answer

checks to see if cell size is adequate; chromosomes replication is successfully completed and checks for DNA errors

question

g0 Checkpoint

answer

if condidtions are not apporpiate for the cell to divide or if it is not programmed to divide they are in this phase

question

g2 Checkpoint

answer

asses if DNA replication has occured, go ahead signal triggers mitosis

question

Cyclin Dependent Kinases

answer

cdk enzymes activate proteins to regulate the cell

question

Growth Factors

answer

factors that stimulate the cell to divide

question

Density Dependent Inhibition

answer

The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.

question

Anchorage Dependence

answer

the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface.

question

allele

answer

one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits

question

Law of Segregation

answer

Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete

question

Law of Independent Assortment

answer

states that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes

question

Monohybrid Cross

answer

hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)

question

Dihybrid Cross

answer

hybridization using two traits with two alleles each

question

Incomplete Dominance

answer

creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other

question

Codominance

answer

a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed

question

Multiple Alleles

answer

three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait (such as blood types)

question

Epistasis

answer

A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited., One gene masks the expression of a different gene for a different trait

question

Pleiotropy

answer

A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype (more than one phenotypic expression)

question

Linked Genes

answer

genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses

question

Sex Linked Inheritance

answer

Traits located on the sex cells. EX: Colorblindness, hemophilia.

question

X Inactivation

answer

During development, females inactivate half of their X gene elles in order to prevent producing double the amount of the protein.

question

Nondisjunction

answer

error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes don't separate; gametes end up with wrong number of chromosomes

question

Polyploidy

answer

condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

question

Point Mutations

answer

changes in a DNA sequence caused by substitution of one nucleotide for another

question

Aneuploidy

answer

an abnormality involving a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (one chromosome set is incomplete)(causes down sydrome and turners syndrome)

question

karyotype

answer

the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)

question

homologous chromosomes

answer

chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis

question

Autosomes

answer

non-sex chromosomes

question

Down Syndrome

answer

a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome

question

5' cap

answer

The end of a pre-mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a cap

question

A site

answer

One of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. Holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain.

question

anticodon

answer

A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.

question

base-pair substitution

answer

A type of point mutation; the replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand by another pair of nucleotides.

question

codon

answer

A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.

question

deletion

answer

1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.

question

E site

answer

One of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome.

question

exon

answer

A coding region of a eukaryotic gene or expressed region

question

frameshift mutation

answer

A mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codons.

question

insertion

answer

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.

question

intron

answer

A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene.

question

messenger RNA (mRNA)

answer

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.

question

missense mutation

answer

The most common type of mutation, a base-pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.

question

mutagen

answer

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.

question

mutation

answer

A rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity.

question

nonsense mutation

answer

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein

question

one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis

answer

The premise that a gene is a segment of DNA that codes for one polypeptide.

question

P site

answer

One of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. (P stands for peptidyl tRNA

question

point mutation

answer

A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair

question

poly-A tail

answer

The modified end of the 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides.

question

primary transcript

answer

An initial RNA transcript; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene

question

promoter

answer

A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA

question

ribosome

answer

A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits.

question

ribozyme

answer

An enzymatic RNA molecule that catalyzes reactions during RNA splicing.

question

RNA polymerase

answer

An enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription.

question

RNA processing

answer

Modification of RNA before it leaves the nucleus, a process unique to eukaryotes.

question

RNA splicing

answer

The removal of noncoding portions (introns) of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis.

question

signal-recognition particle (SRP)

answer

A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from the ribosome.

question

spliceosome

answer

A complex assembly that interacts with the ends of an RNA intron in splicing RNA, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.

question

TATA box

answer

A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.

question

template strand

answer

The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.

question

terminator

answer

In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene.

question

transcription

answer

The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template.

question

transcription unit

answer

A region of a DNA molecule that is transcribed into an RNA molecule.

question

transfer RNA (tRNA)

answer

An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA.

question

translation

answer

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of languagefrom nucleotides to amino acids

question

recombinant DNA

answer

DNA molecules formed when segments of DNA from two different sources are combined in vitro

question

biotechnology

answer

manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products

question

genetic engineering

answer

direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

question

plasmids

answer

small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome

question

gene cloning

answer

production of multiple copies of a single gene

question

restriction enzymes

answer

enzymes naturally occurring in bacteria, cut DNA molecules at a limited number of specific locations

question

restriction site

answer

sequence of DNA 4-8 nucleotides long, symmetrical where the restriction enzyme cuts

question

restriction fragments

answer

created when a specific restriction enzymes cuts a piece of DNA many times

question

sticky ends

answer

single-stranded ends formed when restriction enzyme cuts DNA

question

DNA ligase

answer

enzyme that bonds sticky ends with other DNA molecules cut with the same enzyme

question

cloning vector

answer

DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there

question

ampR

answer

gene on plasmid; if bacterium has this plasmid, will be able to grow on agar with ampicillin. If does not have plasmid, will not grow on agar with amp.

question

lacZ

answer

gene part of the lac operon. If gene is intact, produces a product that can break down lactose and Xgal, colony will be blue. If not intact, will not break down Xgal, colony will be white.

question

Step 1 bacterial transformation

answer

isolate plasmid and DNA sample

question

Step 2 bacterial transformation

answer

cut both plasmid and dna with same restriction enzyme

question

Step 3 bacterial transformation

answer

plasmid may take up DNA

question

Step 4 bacterial transformation

answer

seal DNA with DNA ligase

question

Step 5 bacterial transformation

answer

put the plasmids into bacteria with no functioning lacZ gene. Use heat or high Ca2+ to stimulate transformation

question

Step 6 bacterial transformation

answer

grow bacteria on agar with ampicillin and xgal

question

genomic library

answer

complete set of plasmid-containing cell clones, each carrying copies of a particular segment from the original genome

question

phage library

answer

clones in bacteriophages

question

reverse transcriptase

answer

enzyme that makes single-stranded DNA transcripts from mRNA molecules

question

Step 1 gel electrophoresis

answer

cut DNA with restriction enzyme, put sample in well of chamber, let fragments "run," add dye so you can see DNA, observe with UV light

question

In gel electrophoresis, smaller fragments move

answer

faster towards the postive end

question

DNA - function and structure

answer

contains hereditary information (genes) of the cell; double helix

question

mRNA - function and structure

answer

provides the instructions for assembling amino acids into a polypeptide chain; linear; nucleotides are codons

question

tRNA - function and structure

answer

short RNA molecule; transports amino acids to their proper place; "clover-leaf" shaped; nucleotides are anticodons

question

rRNA -function and structure

answer

building blocks of ribosomes; DNA is transcribed into rRNA in the nucleolus; globular

question

DNA Replication

answer

Process in which unzipped DNA strands serve as templates for complementary strands. Occurs during interphase of the cell cycle.

question

semiconservative replication

answer

DNA replication; each double-stranded molecule of DNA consists of a single strand of old DNA and a single strand of new, replicated DNA.

question

helicase

answer

enzyme that unwinds the DNA helix during DNA replication

question

replication fork

answer

Y-shaped structure that arises when helicase unwinds a DNA helix

question

single strand binding protein

answer

protein that attaches to each strand of uncoiled DNA during DNA replication to keep the strands separate

question

DNA polymerase

answer

enzyme that assembles the new DNA strand in DNA replication. Moves in 3' to 5' direction.

question

antiparallel

answer

5' to 3'; direction in which complement strand grows

question

Okasaki segments

answer

Short segments of complementary DNA formed when DNA polymerase assembles DNA on the 5' to 3' strand; caused b/c polymerase must return to replication fork after each segment. Connected by DNA ligase.

question

DNA ligase

answer

Connects Okazaki segments formed during DNA replication on the 5' to 3' template strand.

question

lagging strand

answer

The 5' to 3' template strand of DNA replication. Takes longer to assemble, and so "lags" behind the 3' to 5' strand.

question

primase

answer

enzyme that initiates DNA replication with a short segment of RNA nucleotides (RNA primer)

question

RNA primer

answer

A short segment of RNA nucleotides that begins, in DNA replication, the leading strand as well as every Okazaki segment on the lagging strand. Enables DNA polymerase to attach DNA nucleotides to the primer.

question

telomerase

answer

enzyme which attaches itself to the end of the template strand in DNA replication to extend the strand by adding a short sequence of DNA nucleotides over and over again. Prevents loss of preceding coding DNA.

question

one-gene-one-polypeptide hypothesis

answer

the gene is a DNA segment that codes for a particular polypeptide.

question

one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis

answer

the gene is a DNA segment that codes for a particular enzyme. Proven false and replaced with one-gene-one-polypeptide hypothesis.

question

protein synthesis

answer

the process that describes how enzymes and other proteins are made from DNA

question

3 steps of protein synthesis

answer

transcription, RNA processing, translation

question

transcription

answer

a step of protein synthesis in which RNA molecules are created by using DNA molecules as a template

question

RNA processing

answer

RNA molecules are modified with deletions and additions

question

translation

answer

processed RNA molecules are used to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide.

question

codon

answer

three adjacent nucleotides on mRNA that code for a specific amino acid

question

anticodon

answer

three adjacent nucleotides on tRNA which base pair with the codon of the mRNA during translation.

question

wobble

answer

Allows anticodons of some tRNAs to base-pair with more than one type of codon, because exact base pairing between the third nucleotide of the anticodon and codon are usually not required.

question

3 phases of transcription

answer

initiation, elongation, termination

question

initiation (transcription)

answer

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter region on the DNA and begins to unzip the DNA into two strands.

question

TATA box

answer

the nucleotide sequence T-A-T-A; often occurs in the promoter region during mRNA transcriptions.

question

elongation (transcription)

answer

RNA polymerase unzips the DNA and assembles RNA nucleotides using one strand of DNA as a template.

question

termination (transcription)

answer

RNA polymerase reaches a special sequence of nucleotides that serves as a termination point. In eukaryotes, the termination region contains the DNA sequence AAAAAA.

question

promoter region

answer

region of DNA that RNA polymerase attaches to to begin transcription.

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