AP Biology- Biochemistry – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
ionic bond
answer
bond resulting from a transfer of electrons
question
covalent bond
answer
bond resulting from the sharing of electrons
question
nonpolar
answer
electrons shared equally
question
polar
answer
electrons shared unequally
question
buffer
answer
substance that resists changes in pH
question
bicarbonate ion
answer
most important buffer in human blood
question
isomer
answer
organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure
question
structural isomer
answer
isomer differing in the arrangement of atoms
question
geometric isomer
answer
isomer differing in the spacial arrangement of double bonds
question
optical isomers
answer
isomers that are mirror images of each other
question
enantiomer
answer
synonym for optical isomer
question
monosaccharide
answer
C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose
question
disaccharide
answer
two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose
question
dehydration synthesis
answer
condensation; joining compounds together with water released
question
hydrolysis
answer
breakdown of a compound by adding water
question
polysaccharide
answer
polymers of carbohydrates
question
cellulose
answer
structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls
question
starch
answer
storage polysaccharide found in plants
question
amylose
answer
simplest storage polysaccharide form of starch
question
amylopectin
answer
more complex storage polysaccharide form of starch
question
chitin
answer
structural polysaccharide found in animals; makes up the exoskeleton in arthropods
question
glycogen
answer
storage polysaccharide animal starch that in humans is stored in the liver and the skeletal muscle
question
glycerol
answer
alcohol portion of a lipid
question
fatty acid
answer
hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids
question
saturated fat
answer
fat without double bonds
question
unsaturated fat
answer
fat with double bonds
question
steroid
answer
lipid with a four fused ring structure; cholesterol and testosterone
question
peptide bond
answer
bond creating amino acid chains or polymers
question
conformation
answer
protein's unique shape that determines its function
question
primary structure
answer
linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds
question
secondary structure
answer
protein formed with hydrogen bonds
question
tertiary structure
answer
3D conformation formed; determines specificity
question
quaternary structure
answer
protein with more than one polypeptide chain
question
alpha helix
answer
secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)
question
beta pleated sheet
answer
secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk
question
fibrous proteins
answer
proteins that exhibit secondary structure; wool, claws, beaks, reptile scales, collagen, and ligaments
question
heme group
answer
one of four polypeptide chains in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin
question
protein folding problem
answer
how proteins form their unique shapes
question
chaperone proteins
answer
molecules that assist in folding other proteins
question
functional group
answer
components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions
question
metabolism
answer
sum of all chemical reactions that take place in cell
question
catabolism
answer
reaction that breaks down molecules
question
anabolism
answer
reaction that creates molecules
question
enzyme
answer
catalytic protein that lowers a reaction's energy of activation
question
induced fit model
answer
enzyme model where the substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape slightly so it fits better
question
cofactor
answer
inorganic enzyme assist
question
coenzyme
answer
organic enzyme assist (vitamins)
question
competitive inhibition
answer
compounds that look like the normal substrate compete for the same active site on the enzyme
question
noncompetitive inhibition
answer
more than one active site and the substrates do not look like each other
question
allosteric inhibition
answer
two active sites, one for a substrate and one for an inhibitor
question
feedback inhibition
answer
metabolic pathway is switched off by the end product; allosteric inhibition
question
cooperativity
answer
substrate stimulating an enzyme with quaternary structure to be more effective
question
cohesion
answer
capacity to resist tension to rupture
question
alkaline
answer
synonym for basic
question
salt
answer
compound that releases ion other than H+ or OH- when dissolved in water
question
phosphorylation
answer
any phosphate group transfer
question
chemical equilibrium
answer
when the reaction rate is about the same in either direction
question
polymer
answer
long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together
question
monomer
answer
building block for polymers; only made by producers
question
adhesion
answer
attraction between different kinds of molecules
question
surface tension
answer
measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
question
van der Waals interactions
answer
tertiary structure; weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations
question
emergent properties
answer
new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
question
evaporative cooling
answer
property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules
question
hydration shell
answer
sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
question
disulfide bridge
answer
tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another
question
hydrophobic interaction
answer
tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water
question
hydrocarbon
answer
organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
question
macromolecule
answer
giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules
question
glycosodic linkage
answer
covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction
question
nucleotide
answer
building block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group
question
pyramidine
answer
cytosine, thymine, and uracil; six-membered ring
question
purine
answer
adenine and guanine; six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
question
triose
answer
three carbon sugar
question
pentose
answer
five carbon sugar
question
hexose
answer
six carbon sugar
question
hydroxyl
answer
hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar
question
carbonyl
answer
carbon double bonded to oxygen; ketones and aldehydes
question
carboxyl
answer
oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group
question
amine
answer
nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton
question
sulfhydryl
answer
sulfur bonded to hydrogen in roughly the shape of a hydroxyl; cysteine
question
phosphate
answer
phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid
question
methyl
answer
carbon bonded to three hydrogens; arrangement determines function of male and female sex hormones
