A&P 2 -Respiratory and Lymphatic Systems – Behmer
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What structural changes occur from primary bronchi to terminal bronchi?
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A) The mucous membrane changes from pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium to non-ciliated simple cubodial epithelium C)The amount of smooth muscle increases D)Incomplete rings of cartilage disappear
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Lymphocyte
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Identify the large pink stained cell in the center.
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Spleen: A=connective tissue capsule, B=white pulp, C=red pulp
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identify the items labeled on this slide
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Lymphoid tissue
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tissues where antigens interact with cells of the immune system, Lymphocyte storage areas; examples: tonsils, spleen, appendix
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Lymph Node Structure
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White/red pump, Capsule Afferent lymphatic vessels-enter Efferent lymphatic vessels-exit
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lacteal
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Identify.
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cisterna chyli
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Identify A
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thoracic duct
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Identify B
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A
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variable portion of an antibody; antigen binding site
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medullary cord
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Identify B
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efferent lymphatic vessel
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Identify F
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B lymphocytes
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What cells are found in high concentrations in C?
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Lymph capillaries in intestinal villi involved in absorption of fat.
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lacteal
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spleen
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An organ that is part of the lymphatic system; it produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells.
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lymph node
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Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. They function as a cleanser of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell activation
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white pulp
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Identify C
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antigen
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A protein or carbohydrate that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody
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antibody
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A protein that acts against a specific antigen
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antiserum
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Human or animal serum that contains antibodies to a particular antigen because of previous exposure to the disease or to a vaccine containing antigens from that infectious agent.
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afferent lymphatic vessel
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Identify E
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For inhalation to occur alveolar pressure must be greater than atmospheric pressure (T/F?)
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False
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Determining O2 saturations in hemoglobin by measuring partial pressure of CO2 (T/F?)
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False
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Parasympathetic activity causes bronchoconstriction (T/F?)
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True
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Hyperventilation leads to respiratory acidosis (T/F?)
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False
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Volume of Vital Capacity?
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Inspiratory volume+ tidal volume +expiratory reserve volume.
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume?
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The additional inhaled air when taking a very deep breath
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Dead Space is?
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30% of tidal volume that remains in conducting airways never reaching the respiratory zone.
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Amospheric Pressure is
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760mm Hg
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What stops continuous inhalation?
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Herring Brewer reflex
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Cervical lymph nodes
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A
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Inguinal lymph nodes
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B
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Axillary lymph nodes
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C
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Right lymphatic duct
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D
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Thoracic duct
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E
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Cisterna chyli
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F
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Palatine tonsils
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G
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Spleen
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H
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Thymus
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I
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Pharyngeal tonsils
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A
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Palatine tonsils
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B
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Lingual tonsils
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C
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What effects do you think a pleural effusion (when pleural cavity fills with fluid) have on ventilation?
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Could result in a collapsed lung.
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What kind of epithelium tissue is in the Alveoli?
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Simple Squamous - For diffusion.
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Why are there more goblet cells in the upper respiratory passages than in the lower respiratory passages?
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Goblet cells make mucous in order to catch debris before it goes into the lower passages.
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What is pulmonary ventilation?
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The physical movement of air in and out of the lungs.
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What is Boyle's Law?
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P=1/v. Basically, when thoracic pressure is up, then the thoracic volume is down. and vice versa.
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What is the difference between Restrictive and Obstructive diseases?
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Restrictive - Conditions that prevent lungs from fully expanding. Obstructive - Conditions preventing full exhalation of air out of lungs.
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What is the Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system?
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A homeostatic mechanism that regulates the body's pH level.
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What is Respiratory Alkalosis?
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When an increased respiration rate elevates the pH level int he body higher than normal. (More Basic)
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What is Respiratory Acidosis?
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When lungs can't remove all of the CO2 out of the body.
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What is Tidal Volume (TV)?
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The amount of air exchanged with each breath during normal, quiet breathing.
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What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
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The volume of air that may be expired after a Tidal Volume.
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What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
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The amount of air that may be inspired after a tidal inspiration.
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What is Residual Volume (RV)?
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The amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
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What is Inspiratory Capacity (IC)?
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The amount of air that a person can maximally inspire after a tidal expiration. It's the difference between IRV and ERV. And CANNOT be measured by a spirometer.
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What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)?
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The amount of air that is normally left in the lungs after a tidal expiration. It's the sum of the ERV and RV.
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What is Vital Capacity (VC)?
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The total amount of exchangeable air that moves in and out of the lungs. VC= TV+IRV+ERV
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What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?
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The total amount of exchangeable and nonexchangeable air in the lungs.
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Why should a person breathe into a paper bag when he or she is hyperventilating abnormally?
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To increase CO2 intake. By breathing back in the CO2 that is exhaled, you can correct the body's pH balance.
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What can happen if you remove the spleen?
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Your body won't be able to remove the Red Blood Cells and your immunity would be compromised.
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Infants who have DiGeorge syndrome (where the thymus is absent or nonfunctioning), what can happen to him or her?
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T cells would not be functional, preventing the infant from fighting infections. There would be severe immunodeficiencies, which would lead to the infant's death.
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Fibrilae
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1?
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Fundus
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2?
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Uterine Tube
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3?
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Ligaments of ovary??? (Double Check this)
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4?
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Check....
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5?
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Round Ligament? .... (Double Check)
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6?
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Ovary ligament
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7?
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Broad Ligament
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8?
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Cervix
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9?
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Uterus body
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10?
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vagina
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11?
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arteries/veins
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12?
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Endometrium layer
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13?
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Myometrium layer (Double Check)
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14?
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Pericardium (it's wrong. Please check?
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15?
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Vagina
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1?
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??
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2?
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??
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3?
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Clitoris
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4?
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??
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5?
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Vestibular folds????
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6?
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Ovary
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1?
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Pre XXX
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2?
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Primary XXXX
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3?
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Secondary
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4?
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Third one
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5?
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???
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6?
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Adipose tissue
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1?
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???
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2?
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Lobule
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3?
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____ duct
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4?
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Areola
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5?
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Nipple
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6?
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_____ sinus
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7?
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Ureter
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1?
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Urinary bladder
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2?
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Seminal gland
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3?
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Prostate Gland
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4?
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Ejaculatory duct
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5?
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Bullb___ gland
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6?
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Anus
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7?
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Prostetic duct???
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8?
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Sponga Cavernosa???
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9?
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Spongy XXXXX
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10?
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Spongy urethra
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11?
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Vans deferens
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12?
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Penis
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13?
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Epidydimis
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14?
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Testes
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15?
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External urethra orifice ??? (Check name)
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16?
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What are they calling this?
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17?
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Spermatic cord????
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1?
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Prostate?
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2?
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Teste vein ???
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3?
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Pinipiform plexus (Check Spelling)
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4?
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??? vein
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5?
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Epidydimis
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6?
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Teste
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7?
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scrotum
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8?
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Vans deferens
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9?
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Cremaster muscle
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10
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Inguinal vein
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11?
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Inguinal artery
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12?
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Penis
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13?
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Ureter
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1?
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_____ Gland
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2?
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Prostate Gland
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3?
