Antibiotics (from Forystek table) – Flashcards

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Penicillins (drugs)
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Penicillin G
Penicillin V
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Penicillins (MOA)
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Competitive inhibition of transpeptidase enzyme (penicillin binding proteins) a inhibits cell wall synthesis
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Penicillins (pharm profile)
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Procaine and benzathine pen G are IM, IV

Penicillin V is oral
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Penicillins (uses)
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Strep, Staph, Clostridia
N. meningitides
Syphilis
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Penicillins (side effects)
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Serum sickness: Ag/Ab complex causing hemolytic anemia
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Aminopenicillins (drugs)
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Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
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Aminopenicillins (MOA)
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Competitive inhibition of transpeptidase enzyme (penicillin binding proteins) ? inhibits cell wall synthesis
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Aminopenicillins (pharm profile)
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Amoxicillin- PO
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Aminopenicillins (uses)
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Broader GM- coverage
HELPS kill entercoccus
(Haemophilus, E. coli, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella and Enterococcus)
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Aminopenicillins (side effects)
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Maculopapular rash in patients with mono, CLL, or taking Allopurinol
Pseudomembranous colitis
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Penicillinase-R penicillins (drugs)
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Nafcillin
Oxacillin (IV/PO)
Methicillin
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Penicillinase-R penicillins (MOA)
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Competitive inhibition of transpeptidase enzyme (penicillin binding proteins) ? inhibits cell wall synthesis
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Penicillinase-R penicillins (pharm profile)
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IV
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Penicillinase-R penicillins (uses)
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S. aureus (except MRSA)
Nafcillin- severe (IV 4 hrs)
Dicloxacillin- mild
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Penicillinase-R penicillins (side effects)
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Interstitial nephritis (methicillin), not used
Increases liver enzymes
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Carboxy/Ureidopenicillins (drugs)
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Ticarcillin
Carbenicillin
Piperacillin
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Carboxy/Ureidopenicillins (MOA)
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Competitive inhibition of transpeptidase enzyme (penicillin binding proteins) ? inhibits cell wall synthesis
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Carboxy/Ureidopenicillins (uses)
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Extended GM- rod coverage, Pseudomonas and anaerobes (B. fragilis)
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Carboxy/Ureidopenicillins (side effects)
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TCP Takes care of pseudomonas
and B. fragilis
Lower dose in kidney failure
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?-Lactamase inhibitors (drugs)
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Clavulanic acid
Tazobactam
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?-Lactamase inhibitors (combinations)
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Clavulanic acid + amoxicillin= augmentin
Clavulanic acid + ticarcillin = timentin
Tazobactam + piperacillin = Zosyn
Ampicillin + sulbactam = Unasyn
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?-Lactamase inhibitors (uses)
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Coverage against ?-lactamase producing species (aureus, influenza, fragilis)
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Cephalosporins - 1st generation (drugs)
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Cefazolin
Cephalexin
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Cephalosporins - 1st generation (MOA)
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Same as penicillins (?-lactam drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis)
Less susceptible to penicillinases
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Cephalosporins - 1st generation (uses)
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GM+ cocci prophylaxis surgery
PECK- proteus, ecoli, and klebsiella
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Cephalosporins - 1st generation (mnemonic)
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Fazoli’s symbol is phelex (phallic)
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Cephalosporins - 2nd generation (drugs)
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Cefaclor
Cefoxitin
Cefuroxime
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Cephalosporins - 2nd generation (MOA)
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Same as penicillins (?-lactam drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis)
Less susceptible to penicillinases
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Cephalosporins - 2nd generation (uses)
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GM+ cocci
Anaerobes (cefoxitin/cefotetan)
HEN PECK Haemophilus, enterobacter, neisseria, proteus, ecoli, klebsiella)
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Cephalosporins - 2nd generation (mnemonic)
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It’s a FACt that FOX has FUR
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Cephalosporins - 3rd generation (drugs)
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Ceftriaxone
Cefixime
Ceftaxidime
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Cephalosporins - 3rd generation (MOA)
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Same as penicillins (?-lactam drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis)
Less susceptible to penicillinases
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Cephalosporins - 3rd generation (uses)
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Multidrug resistant GM- infections
Bacterial meningitis
Gonorrhea (ceftriaxone/cefixime)
Pseudomonas (ceftaxidime)
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Cephalosporins - 3rd generation (mnemonic)
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TRI and FIX TAZ
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Cephalosporins - 3rd generation (pharm profile)
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Penetrates BBB well (especially ceftriaxone)
Ceftriaxone- IM
Cefixime- PO
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Cephalosporins - 4th generation (drugs)
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Cefepime
Cefpiramide
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Cephalosporins - 4th generation (MOA)
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Same as penicillins (?-lactam drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis)
Less susceptible to penicillinases
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Cephalosporins - 4th generation (uses)
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Regains some GM+ coverage
Pseudomonas
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Cephalosporins - 4th generation (mnemonic)
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E pime on my piramide
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Monobactam (drugs)
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Azetreonam
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Monobactam (MOA)
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Binds to PBP in GM- only (No GM+ or anaerobe)
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Monobactam (uses)
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Serious nosocomial GM- (klebsiella, Pseudomonas, serratia)
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Monobactam (side effects)
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Does not cross react with penicillin allergy
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Carbapenems (drugs)
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Imipenem/Cilastatin
Meropenem
Doripenim
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Carbapenems (MOA)
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?-lactam
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Carbapenems (pharm profile)
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Imipenem inactivated in kidney by dihydro-peptidase (must give with cilastatin)
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Carbapenems (uses)
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VERY broad spectrum (GM+ cocci, GM- rods, Pseudomonas, anaerobes)
Drug choice of choice Enterobacter- most reliable activity against ES?L
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Carbapenems (side effects)
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Seizures (decrease threshold)
Carbapenamases: KPC + metallo-?-lactamases, hydrolyse carbapenams, must report
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Sulfonamides (drugs)
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TMP-SMX
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Sulfonamides (MOA)
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TMP inhibits DHF reductase (DHF? THF)
SMX is PABA analogue that inhibits dihydropteroate synthase
Overall, they decrease folate and DNA, RNA, and proteins
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Sulfonamides (pharm profile)
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Affects protein binding
displaces rifampin, warfarin, MTX and phenytoin

May decrease heme s/e by giving leukovorin (folonic acid) ? is in CNS
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Sulfonamides (uses)
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TMP-Smx
Tree (respiratory)
M (mouth, GI tract) ? Gm- diarrhea
P (Pee)? prostatitis, UTI, urethritis
SMX (syndrome) AIDS ? P. jirovecii, prohpylaxis or others such as toxoplasmosis, nocardia, rheumathic fever, and kansaii
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Sulfonamides (side effects)
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Hematopoietic in AIDS patients (megaloblastic anemia, leucopenia)
Erythema nodosum
Hypersensitivity to sulfa

Not in pregnancy or breast feeding because kernicterus (SMX)
Hemolysis in G6PD deficiency
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Floroquinolones (drugs)
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Ciprofloxacin
Moxifloxacin
Gemifloxacin
Levofloxacin
Sparfloxacin
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Floroquinolones (MOA)
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Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase (topo II) Gm-
or Topo 4 (Gm+)
Inhibits DNA synthesis
BacteriCIDAL
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Floroquinolones (pharm profile)
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Binds to antacids, sulfurate
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Floroquinolones (uses)
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Gm- rods of GI/GU
Community acquired pneumo (levo, spar GM+ atypical)
Pseudomonas: cipro
GM+ levo moni gemi
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Floroquinolones (side effects)
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Tendonitis with tendon rupture
CNS effects, photosensitivity
Not in pregnancy or children because of cartilage damage.
Resistance is due to an altered target, or binding/inactivating enzyme
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Metronidazole (drugs)
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Metronidazole
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Metronidazole (MOA)
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Metabolized INSIDE anaerobic bacteria and damages DNA
BacteriCIDAL
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Metronidazole (pharm profile)
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Does not enter blood very well, so it enters the GI tracts and kills C. diff
enters CNS as well
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Metronidazole (uses)
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GET GAP at the Metro
Giadia
Entamoeba
Trichomonas

Gardernella vaginalis
Anaerobes
Pylori
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Metronidazole (side effects)
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Disulfiram (antibuse) like side effects with alcohol

NOT in pregnancy
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Polymixins (drugs)
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Polymixin B
Polymixin E colistin
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Polymixins (MOA)
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Cationic basic proteins (detergent) that disrupts osmotic properties of the membrane. Polymixins “mix up” membranes
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Polymixins (pharm profile)
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Bacteriocidal regardless of growth phase
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Polymixins (uses)
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Resistant GM- infections
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Polymixins (side effects)
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Neurotoxicity
Acute tubular necrosis
Bottom of the barrel choice
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Aminoglycosides (drugs)
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Gentamycin
Goes to ECF- which is larger in shock, give more to ICU patients
Neomycin
Amikacin
Tobramycin
Streptomycin
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Aminoglycosides (MOA)
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bactericidal

Synergistic with ?-lactam antibiotics b (must diffuse though cell wall) Inhibits 30S
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Aminoglycosides (pharm profile)
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Requires O2 for uptake (NOT effective vs. anaerobes) Punch holes in cytoplasm
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Aminoglycosides (uses)
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Severe GM- rod infection
Resistance by aminoglycoside inactivating
Neomycin for bowel surgery

aminoglycoside + penicillin for enterococcal endocarditis (vanco for pen. Resistance)
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Aminoglycosides (side effects)
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GNATS can NOT kill anaerobes
drug accumulates in proximal tubules
Nephotoxic (increases w/cephalo’s)
Ototoxic (increases w/loop diuretics)
Teratogenic
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Tetracyclines (drugs)
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Tetracyline
Doxycycline
Demeclocycline
Minocycline
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Tetracyclines (MOA)
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bacteriostatic
Inhibit 30S
R. Efflux pumps+ ribosome protection proteins
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Tetracyclines (pharm profile)
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Absorption inhibited by divalent cations (no milk, antacids, or iron containing compounds)
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Tetracyclines (uses)
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VACuUM The BR (bedroom)
Vibrio, Acne, Chlamydia, Ureaplasma, Mycoplas,a. Tularemia, H. pylori, Borrelia, Rickettsea
Nocardia- minocycline
Bemeclocycline in SIADH
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Tetracyclines (side effects)
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Teeth/bone discoloration
(chelates Ca2+)
Not in pregnancy
Not in renal dz (only doxy)
Photosensitivity
Superinfection (yeasty)
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Macrolides (drugs)
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Erythromycin (g+)
Azithromycin (g-, long .5)
Clarithromycin (g+)
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Macrolides (MOA)
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Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit (or 23 srRNA)
Bacteriostatic
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Macrolides (pharm profile)
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Ery and clari inhibit CYP450 (higher levels of warfarin/theophilline)
w/cisapride get torsades de pointes? tachycardia and DEATH
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Macrolides (uses)
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Community acquired pneumonia: S. pneumo and atypical (legionella, Chlamydia and mycoplasma)
GM+ cocci alternative with pen allergy
STDS Chlamydia/GC + H.pylori
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Macrolides (side effects)
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GI irritation (common and dose related)
Not in pregnancy (cholestatic hepatitis in the mother)
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Lincosamides (drugs)
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Clindamycin
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Lincosamides (MOA)
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Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit (or 23 srRNA)
Bacteriostatic
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Lincosamides (pharm profile)
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long presence in stool, altered gut flors
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Lincosamides (uses)
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Anaerobic infections above diaphragm, not CNS
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Lincosamides (side effects)
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Pseudomembranous colitis due to C. diff
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Chloramphenicol (drugs)
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Chloramphenicol
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Chloramphenicol (MOA)
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Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit (or 23 srRNA)
Bacteriostatic
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Chloramphenicol (pharm profile)
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Conjungated in liver UDP glucuronyl transferase (absent in premature)
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Chloramphenicol (uses)
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Very broad, usually meningitis or rickettsial, not really used
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Chloramphenicol (side effects)
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Anemia (reversible)
Aplastic anemia
GREY BABY SYNDROME
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Glycopeptides (drugs)
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Vancomycin
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Glycopeptides (MOA)
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Inhibits cell wall mucopeptide formation by binding D-ala D-ala portion of cell wall precursors

Bactericidal except for enterococcus
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Glycopeptides (pharm profile)
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IV
PO for C. diff
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Glycopeptides (uses)
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Serious GM+ multidrug resistant organisms (MRSA, enterococcus, refractory C. diff)

There are VRE and SRE strains (VAN genes) Use in synergy w/aminoglycosides, rifampin)
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Glycopeptides (side effects)
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RED MAN NOT
Red Man syndrome with rapid infusion, this is due to increased histamine release

NOT
Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Thrombophlebitis
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Streptogramins (drugs)
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Quinupristin/dalphopristin
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Streptogramins (MOA)
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Inhibits proteins synthesis, both bind to different sites on the 50S subunit
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Streptogramins (pharm profile)
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Inhibits CYP 450
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Streptogramins (uses)
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VRE, but only e. faecium, does not work for e. facalis
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Streptogramins (side effects)
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peripheral IV pain and phlebitis, arthralgias, myalgias
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Cyclic lipopeptides (drugs)
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Daptomycin
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Cyclic lipopeptides (MOA)
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Calcium dependent binding on plasma membrane with depolarization (K+) release and death
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Cyclic lipopeptides (uses)
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Complicated skin/soft tissue and intra-abdomin
MSSA, MRSA, VISA, VRSA, VRE, Pen-R pneumo
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Cyclic lipopeptides (side effects)
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Rhabdomyolysis: increased CPK, muscle discomfort
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Glycylcylines (drugs)
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Tigecycline
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Glycylcylines (MOA)
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Inhibit protein synthesis (binds to the 30S subunit)
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Glycylcylines (uses)
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Complicated skin/soft tissue and intra-abdomin
MSSA, MRSA, VISA, VRSA, VRE, Pen-R pneumo
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Glycylcylines (side effects)
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GI Complications
Increase in liver transaminases (AST/ALT)
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Oxazolidinones (drugs)
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Linezolid
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Oxazolidinones (MOA)
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Inhibits protein synthesis (binds to the 50S subunit) near the 30S subunit, prevents 70S formation (unique)
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Oxazolidinones (pharm profile)
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no cross resistance, 100% bioavailability PO
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Oxazolidinones (uses)
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VRE and some MRSA/VRSA
also RAPID growing mycobacteria
Chelonae, fortuitum
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Oxazolidinones (side effects)
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Bone marrow toxicity
No cross reaction with other protein synthesis antibiotics
Tongue discoloration
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