question

Cognition

answer

(1) the mental process by which human beings gain knowledge. (2) A tangle of connections between the mind at work and the world in which it works

question

Communicative competence

answer

A term coined by anthropological linguist Dell Hymes to refer to the mastery of adult rules for socially and culturally appropriate speech

question

Discourse

answer

A stretch of speech longer than a sentence united by a common theme

question

Ethno pragmatics

answer

The study of speech use that relies on ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech is both constituted by and constitutive of social interaction

question

Grammar

answer

A set of rules that aim to describe fully the patterns of linguistic usage observed by speakers of a particular language

question

Language ideology

answer

A marker of struggles between social groups with different interests, revealed in what people say and how they say it

question

Language

answer

The system of arbitrary symbols people use to encode their experience of the world and of others

question

Linguistic competence

answer

A team coined by linguist Noam Chomsky to refer to the mastery of adult grammar

question

Linguistic relativity principle

answer

A position, associated with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf, that asserts that language has the power to shape the way people see the world

question

Linguistics

answer

The scientific study of language

question

Perception

answer

The processes by which people organize and experience information that is primarily of sensory origin

question

Personality

answer

The relative integration of an individual's perceptions, motives, cognitions, and behavior within a social cultural matrix

question

Pidgin

answer

A language with no native speakers that develops in a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages

question

Pragmatics

answer

The study of language in the context of its use

question

Prototypes

answer

Examples of a typical insistence, element, relation, or experience within a culturally relevant semantic domain

question

Schemas

answer

Patterned, repetitive experiences

question

Self

answer

The result of the process of socialization/enculturation for an individual

question

Socialization/enculturation

answer

The learning process by which individuals develop the skills they need to interact successfully with other members of the social groups to which they belong and come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling that are considered appropriate in their respective cultures

question

Subjectivity

answer

\"The felt interior experience of the person that includes his or her positions in a field of relational power\"

question

Symbol

answer

Something that stands for something else. A symbol signals the presence of an important domain of experience

question

Worldviews

answer

Encompassing pictures of a reality created by the members of societies

question

Art

answer

Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation

question

Communitas

answer

An unstructured or minimally structured community of equal individuals found frequently in rites of passage

question

Framing

answer

A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as \"play\" or as \"ordinary life\"

question

Liminality

answer

The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions

question

Magic

answer

A set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes

question

Meta communication

answer

Communication about the process of communication itself

question

Myths

answer

Stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are. The power of myths comes from their ability to make life meaningful for those who accept them. The truth of myths seems self-evident because they effectively integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about how the world works

question

Oracles

answer

Invisible forces to which people address questions and whose responses they believe to be truthful

question

Orthodoxy

answer

\"Correct doctrine\"; the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts

question

Orthopraxy

answer

\"Correct practice\"; the prohibition of deviation from approved forms of ritual behavior

question

Play

answer

a framing (or orienting context) that is (1) consciously adopted by the players, (2) somehow pleasurable, and (3) systemically related to what is nonplay by alluding to the nonplay world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristic of the nonplay world

question

Priest

answer

A religious practitioner skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which he or she carries out for the benefit of the group

question

Reflexivity

answer

Critical thinking about the way one thinks; reflection on one's own experience

question

Religion

answer

\"Ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses\"

question

Rite of passage

answer

A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another

question

Ritual

answer

A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects: adhering to a culturally defined ritual schema; and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth

question

Shaman

answer

A part-time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly on behalf of individuals or groups

question

Witchcraft

answer

The performance of evil by human beings believed to possess an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is intentional or self-aware

question

Worldviews

answer

Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of societies

question

Achieved statuses

answer

Social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own (or other people's) effort

question

Adoption

answer

Kinship relationships based on nurturance's, often in the absence of other connections based on mating or birth

question

Affinal relationships

answer

Kinship connections through marriage, or affinity

question

Affinity

answer

Connection through marriage

question

Ascribed statuses

answer

Social positions people are assigned at birth

question

Avunlocal residence

answer

A post marital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the husband's mother's brother (from avuncular, \"of uncles\")

question

Bifurcation

answer

A criterion employed in the analysis of kinship terminologies in which kinship terms referring to the mother's side of the family are distinguished from those referring to the father's side

question

Bilateral descent

answer

The principle that s descent group is formed by people who believe that they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and fathers equally (sometimes called cognatic descent)

question

Blended family

answer

A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families

question

Bride wealth

answer

The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. It represents compensation to the wife's lineage for the loss of her labor and childbearing capacities

question

Clan

answer

A descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor, even if they cannot specify the genealogical links

question

Collaterality

answer

A criterion employed in the analysis of kinship terminologies in which a distinction is made between kin who are believed to be in a direct line and those who are \"off to one side,\" linked to the speaker by a lineal relative

question

Conjugal family

answer

A family based on marriage at a minimum, a husband and wife (a spousal pair) and their children

question

Consanguineal relationships

answer

Kinship connections based on descent

question

Cross cousins

answer

The children of a person's parents' opposite-gender siblings (a father's sister's children or a mother's brother's children)

question

Descent

answer

The principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belong

question

Dowry

answer

The wealth transferred, usually from parents to their daughter, at the time of her marriage

question

Endogamy

answer

Marriage within a defined social group

question

Exogamy

answer

Marriage outside a defined social group

question

Extended family

answer

A family pattern made up of three generations living together parents, married children, and grandchildren

question

Family

answer

Minimally, a woman and her dependent children

question

Friendship

answer

the relatively \"unofficial\" bonds that people construct with one another that tend to be personal, affective, and often a matter of choice

question

Gender

answer

The cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each sex

question

Joint family

answer

A family pattern made up of brothers and their wives or sisters and their husbands (along with their children) living together

question

Kinship systems

answer

Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance

question

Lineages

answer

The consanguineal members of descent groups who believe they can trace their descent from known ancestors

question

Marriage

answer

An institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, perpetuates social patterns through the birth of offspring, creates relationships between the kin of partners, and is symbolically marked

question

Marriage

answer

An institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, perpetuates social patterns through the birth of offspring, creates relationships between the kin of partners, and is symbolically marked

question

Matrilineage

answer

A social group formed by people connected by mother-child links

question

Matrilocal residence

answer

A post marital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) wife's mother

question

Monogamy

answer

A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one spouse at a time

question

Neolocal residence

answer

A post marital residence pattern in which a married couple sets up an independent household at a place of their own choosing

question

No conjugal family

answer

A woman and her children; the husband/father may be occasionally present or completely absent

question

Nuclear family

answer

A family pattern made up of two generations the parents and their unmarried children

question

Parallel cousins

answer

The children of a person's parents' same-gender siblings (a father's brother's children or a mother's sisters' children)

question

Patrilineage

answer

A social group formed by people connected by father-child links

question

Patrilocal residence

answer

A post marital residence pattern in which a married couple lives with (or near) the husband's father

question

Polyandry

answer

A marriage pattern in which a woman may be married to more than one husband at a time.

question

Polygamy

answer

A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to more than one spouse at a time

question

Polygyny

answer

A marriage pattern in which a man may be married to more than one wife at a time

question

Relatedness

answer

The socially recognized ties that connect people in a variety of different ways

question

Segmentary opposition

answer

A mode of hierarchical social organization in which groups beyond the most basic emerge only in opposition to other groups on the same hierarchical level

question

Sex

answer

Observable physical characteristics that distinguish two kinds of humans, females and males, needed for biological reproduction

question

Sexual practices

answer

Emotional or affectional relationships between sexual partners and the physical activities they engage in with one another

question

Caste

answer

A ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society that is closed, prohibiting individuals to move from one caste to another

question

Class

answer

A ranked group within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria

question

Clientage

answer

The institution linking individuals from upper and lower levels in a stratified society

question

Colorism

answer

A system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum of skin colors between white and black

question

Ethnic groups

answer

Social groups that are distinguished from one another on the basis of ethnicity

question

Ethnicity

answer

A principle of social classification used to create groups based on selected cultural features such as language, religion, or dress. Ethnicity emerges from historical processes that incorporate distinct social groups into a single political structure under conditions of inequality

question

Nation building (or nationalism)

answer

The attempt made by government officials to instill into the citizens of a state a sense of nationality

question

Nation

answer

A group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance

question

Nationality

answer

A sense of identification with and loyalty to a nation-state

question

Nation-state

answer

An ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide

question

Naturalizing discourses

answer

The deliberate representation of particular identities (e.g., caste, class, race, ethnicity, and nation) as if they were a result of biology or nature, rather than history or culture, making them appear eternal and unchanging

question

Race

answer

A human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspond to distinct sets of biological attributes

question

Racism

answer

The systematic oppression of one or more socially defined \"races\" by another socially defined \"race\" that is justified in terms of the supposedly inherent biological superiority of the rulers and the supposed inherent biological inferiority of those they rule

question

Structural violence

answer

Violence that results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within a population

question

Transformist Hegemony

answer

A nationalist program to define nationality in a way that preserves the cultural domination of the ruling group which including enough cultural features from subordinated groups to ensure their loyalty

question

Cosmopolitanism

answer

Being at ease in more than one cultural setting

question

Cultural imperialism

answer

The idea that some cultures dominate others and that domination by one culture leads inevitable to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture of those in power

question

Diaspora

answer

Migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world; a form of Trans-border identity that does not focus on nation building

question

Flexible citizenship

answer

The strategies and effects employed by managers, technocrats, and professionals who move regularly across state boundaries and seek both to circumvent and to benefit from different nation-state regimes

question

Friction

answer

The awkward, unequal, unstable aspects of interconnection across difference

question

Globalization

answer

Reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever-intensifying scale

question

Human rights

answer

Powers, privileges, or material resources to which people everywhere, by virtue of being human, are justly entitled

question

Legal citizenship

answer

The rights and obligations of citizenship accorded by the laws of a state

question

Long-stance nationalists

answer

Members of a diaspora organized in support of nationalist struggles in their homeland or to agitate for a state of their own

question

Multiculturalism

answer

Living permanently in settings surrounded by people with cultural backgrounds different from one's own and struggling to define with them the degree to which the cultural beliefs and practices of different groups should or should not be accorded respect and recognition by the wider society

question

Post national ethos

answer

An attitude toward the world in which people submit to the govern mentality of the capitalist market while trying to evade the govern mentality of nation-states

question

Substantive citizenship

answer

The actions people take, regardless of their legal citizenship status, to asset their membership in a state and to bring about political changes that will improve their lives

question

Trans border citizenry

answer

A group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship

question

Trans border state

answer

A form of state in which it is claimed that those people who left the country and their descendants remain part of their ancestral state, even if they are citizens of another state

question

Transnational nation-state

answer

A nation-state in which the relationships between citizens and the state extend to wherever citizens reside

Anthropology Unit 3

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards