Anthropology Midterm #2 – Flashcards
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Industrial and family organizations
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Nuclear family is the only well defined kin group for many North Americans.
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Neolocality
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Married couples are expected to establish a new place of residence.
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"Other" relationships
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- domestic arrangements outnumber the "traditional" household(nuclear) more five to one. - Increased number of women joining workforce - Divorce rate now 50% - 39% percent of Americans say marriage is obsolete
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Two basic social units in traditional foraging societies:
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- Nuclear family and Band - Nuclear families are usually more stable than bands - Typically, bands exist only seasonally - breaks up into nuclear families when resources become scarce. - No tie to land; constant fission/fusion reduces neolocality.
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Descent groups
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a permanents social unit whose members claim common ancestry. - determined at birth and is life long
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Endogamy
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Mating or marriage within a group to which one belongs (Most cultures are endogamous)
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Exogamy
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Practices of seeking a spouse outside one's own group (forces people to create and maintain a wide, social network)
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Two types of uni-lineal descent
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1) Patrilineal descent = People automatically have lifetime membership in their father's group 2) Matrilineal descent = people automatically have lifetime membership in their mother's group.
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Two Uni-local rules of post-martial residence:
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1) Patrilocality = Married coupled line in the husband's community 2) Matrilocality = Married couples live in the wife's community
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Lineage
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Member can demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor (demonstrated descent)
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Clan
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Members claim common descent from apical ancestor but cannot be demonstrated(Stipulated descent)
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Totem
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A nonhuman apical ancestor of a clan.
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Incest
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sexual relationships with a close relative, incest taboo is cultural universal, What consists incest varies cross culturally - socially constructed.
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Marriage
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Cousin marriages attitude dependent on region and culture.
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Sex
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refers to biological differences
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Gender
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Refers to the culture construction of social roles -= social expectations and associations
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Gender Roles
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tasks and activities that a culture assigns to that sex
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Gender Stereotypes
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oversimplified but strongly held ideas about the characteristics of males and females
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Gender stratification
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an unequal distribution of rewards reflecting their different positions in a social hierarchy
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Public - domestic dichotomy
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Women tend to work closer to home, Gender stratification is reduced when the domestic and public spheres are not sharply separated
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Examples of cross culture gender patterns
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- Subsistence contributions of men and women are roughly equal - Female labor predominates in domestic activities and child care - Women tend to work more hours than men do
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Women reproductive strategies:
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Women work to ensure survival of their children by: - Establishing a close bond with each baby - Having a reliable mate
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Men reproductive strategies:
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- Longer reproductive period than men - May choose to enhance their reproductive success by impregnating several women over a long period of time. - Double standards restrict women more than men example of gender stratification.
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Patriarchy
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- a political system where men rule the majority and women are treated as inferior.
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Examples of Domestic Violence:
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- Worldwide problem - Abuse of women is more common in societies where women are separated from supportive kin.
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Sex-linked activities:
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- Certain roles to be more sex - linked than others Ex: hunter and warriors are usually men
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In foraging societies:
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- Public and domestic spheres are least separate - Hierarchy is least marked - Aggression and competition are most discouraged
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Gender among horticulture:
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Women are generally the main produces in horticulture societies
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Patrilineal - patriotically complex:
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- Linked to pressure on resources and warfare(men must stay together for strength) - Enhance male prestige, increased gender stratification
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Gender and industrialism:
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- Early american industrialism: 1890s - more than 1 million american women held unskilled factory positions - After 1900s - european immigrants moved into factory jobs previously held by women - Notion that women were physically unit for factory work.
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Feminization of poverty:
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In the U.S, poverty is becoming feminized - women are increasingly represented among america's poorest people
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Sexual orientation
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a person's habitual sexual attraction and activities Flexibility in sexual expression is part of our primate heritage
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Human sexuality
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- how we express "natural" sexual urges - is shaped(influenced) by culture and environment - Culture molds individual sexual urges toward a collective norm - Sexual norms vary cross-culturally and through time
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Anthropologists have stressed _____ on religion:
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- The collective, shared, and enacted nature of religion(Society) - The emotions it generates(Psyche) - And the meaning it embodies(Culture)
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Meaning of religion by Anthony Wallace
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- belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces
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Meaning of religion by Emile Durkheim
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- collective emotional intensity generated by worship
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Meaning of religion by Victor Turner
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- an intense community spirit; a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness.
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Anthropology of religion:
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Religion is a cultural universal, but societies conceptualize divinity, supernatural entities, and ultimate realities.
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Kinds of religion
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based on worship rituals
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Shamanic religion
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The beliefs and practices associated with a shaman
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Shamans
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- Part-time religious figures who mediate between people and supernatural beliefs and forces. - Shamans sometimes assume a different or ambiguous sex or gender role - sets them off symbolically from ordinary people
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Communal religion
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- Found among foragers,but more typical of farming societies - Both shamans and community rituals - Communal religions are polytheistic - their adherents believe in several deities
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Olympian religion
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- First appeared in states (Greece, Rome) - Full Time, professional priesthoods that are hierarchically and bureaucratically like the state itself
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Monotheistic religion
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- Priesthoods - All supernatural phenomena are manifestations of, or under the control of, a single supernatural being.
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Magic
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Supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims
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Imitative magic
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Magicious produce a desired effect by imitating it (voodoo dolls)
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Contagious magic
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whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it
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Mana
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A sacred impersonal force that can reside in people, animals, and objects Belief in mana was especially prominent in Melanesia
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Rituals
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- behaviors that are performed in a place at set times - Include liturgical orders - sequences of words and actions - Convey information about the participants and their traditions - Inherently social - by participating in rituals, performing signal that they accept a common social order.
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3 phases of rite of passage
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Separation, Liminality, Incorporation
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Polygamy
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Having more than one husband or wife at the same time
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Polyandry
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When a woman has more than one husband
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Polygyny
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When a man has more than one wife
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Witch Hunts
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"Leveling Mechanism" A way to get rid of people who were different
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Achieved Status
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Earned a position of power
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Ascribed Status
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Born into a position of power
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Patrilocality
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Married couple lives in the husband's community
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Matrilocality
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Married couple lives in the wife's community
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Patrilineal descent
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People automatically have lifetime membership in their father's group
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Matrilineal descent
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People automatically have lifetime membership in their mother's group
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