Anthropology 11oo – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Ethnicity means identification with
answer
and feeling part of, a cultural tradition and exclusion from other cultural traditions.
question
An ascribed status is a status that
answer
. people have little or no choice about occupying
question
In biology, a race is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species.
answer
human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups
question
Race, like ethnicity in general, is
answer
a cultural category rather than a biological reality.
question
What term refers to an organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology"?
answer
phenotype
question
When it comes to thinking about "race," why is it important to understand the difference between genotype and phenotype?
answer
Attempts at human racial classification typically used phenotypic traits like skin color as markers of common ancestry, but many such traits do not reflect the existence of shared genetic material. Instead, they are often the result of different populations biologically adapting to similar environmental stressors in similar ways
question
In Japan, the burakumin
answer
are Japanese citizens of mixed ancestry who face discrimination.
question
What is the term for ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status?
answer
. nationalities
question
The presence of ethnic neighborhoods indicates what kind of coexistence?
answer
multiculturalism
question
Which of the following statements about nation-states is true?
answer
Nation-states sometimes encourage ethnic divisions for political and economic ends.
question
Despite differences arising from environmental variation, all foraging economies have shared one essential feature, their
answer
reliance on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals.
question
Which of the following is most characteristic of foragers?
answer
high mobility and small groups with flexible affiliations
question
A horticultural system of cultivation is characterized by
answer
periodic cycles of cultivation and fallowing.
question
Why do slash-and-burn cultivators stop using a plot of land every two to three years?
answer
They do not use fertilizer; thus, their crops exhaust the soil quickly.
question
Which of the following is not relevant to the cultivation continuum?
answer
Egalitarianism
question
What is a mode of production?
answer
the way a society's social relations are organized to produce the labor necessary for generating the society's subsistence and energy needs
question
What are the means, or factors, of production?
answer
a society's major productive resources, such as land, labor, technology, and capital
question
Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main questions, one focusing on systems of human behavior and the other on the individuals who participate in those systems. The first question is: How are production, distribution, and consumption organized in different societies? The second question is:
answer
What motivates people in different societies to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume?
question
Generalized reciprocity
answer
is the characteristic form of exchange in egalitarian societies.
question
Which of the following kinds of exchange does Kottak say is characteristic among members of a nuclear family in the United States?
answer
generalized reciprocity
question
. In which of the following forms of political organization is it most likely that the most important leaders will acquire their position based upon personal background or ability, rather than heredity?
answer
tribal societies
question
What is a "big man"?
answer
A person who creates his reputation through entrepreneurship and generosity to others.
question
Which of the following statements about non-state societies is true?
answer
. Economic, political, and religious activities are often embedded in one another.
question
In band-level societies, what does the amount of respect or prestige that an individual has depend on?
answer
culturally valued personal attributes
question
Which of the following statements about political leaders in foraging bands is true?
answer
They have no means of forcing people to follow their decisions
question
Which of the following is the most important factor in determining an individual's power and prestige in a state?
answer
. Ancestry
question
The presence and acceptance of which of the following is one of the key distinguishing features of a state?
answer
stratification
question
Which of the following would be extremely unusual in a state-level society?
answer
a purely foraging-based subsistence strategy
question
Which of the following kinds of societies is most likely to have stratum endogamy (marriage within one's own group)?
answer
a state
question
. Broader than political control, the concept of _________ refers to those fields of the social system (beliefs, practices, and institutions) that are most actively involved in the maintenance of any norms and the regulation of any conflict.
answer
social controls
question
What does ego stand for in a depiction of a kinship system?
answer
The point of reference used to determine who gets called by what term.
question
In a bifurcate merging kinship system, which of the following would be called by the same term?
answer
M and MZ
question
What makes up ego's nuclear family of orientation?
answer
ego's parents and siblings
question
What kind of kinship terminology is most common in the contemporary United States?
answer
Lineal
question
In kinship analysis, what does the distinction between descent groups known as lineages and those as clans refer to?
answer
A lineage uses demonstrated descent from a common ancestor while clans just assume it
question
What term refers to the kind of descent in which people choose the descent group that they join?
answer
ambilineal
question
Which of the following belongs to ego's patrilineage?
answer
BD
question
In a lineal system of kinship terminology, which of the following pairs would be called by the same term?
answer
FB and MB
question
What is another name for a person's "in-laws"?
answer
affinal relatives
question
From the perspective of a child, what is the name of the family in which that child is raised?
answer
family of orientation
question
The most generally accepted explanation for the incest taboo is
answer
marry out or die out
question
Which of the following statements about unilineal descent is typically true?
answer
Marriage between cross cousins is preferred, while marriage between parallel cousins is considered incest
question
What terms refers to resources provided by a husbands kin to a bride's kin?
answer
bridewealth
question
What term is different name for bridewealth?
answer
progeny price
question
What is ego's socially recognized father?
answer
pater
question
Which of the following is ego's cross-cousin?
answer
FBD
question
What terms refers to one of two descent group's in a given population?
answer
a moiety
question
In general, what happens as the value of the bridewealth increases?
answer
Marriages become more stable
question
Which of the following best defines polygyny?
answer
The type of marriage in which there is more than one wife
question
How is exogamy adaptive?
answer
It increases the number of individuals on whom one can rely in time of need
