question

A historical term meant to belittle and vilify "mixed" marriages is:

answer

miscegenation.

question

Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups are referred to as:

answer

racism

question

What is described in the text as "an invisible package of unearned assets" that are the legacy of generations of racial discrimination? Correct

answer

white privilege

question

The way people actually look is the result of their genetic traits and the environment they live in. This is known as their:

answer

phenotype

question

What is another name for the "one drop rule" that is used for determining race?

answer

hypodescent

question

Which term refers to laws implemented after the US Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery?

answer

jim crow

question

The process that preserves an organism through a chemical process that turns it partially or wholly into rock is called:

answer

fossilization

question

Around 15,000 yBP, modern Homo sapiens had left Asia and migrated to:

answer

north and south america

question

Complex innovations that allow humans to cope with the environment are called:

answer

cultural adaptations

question

A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring are called a: Incorrect

answer

species

question

Gene migration is defined as:

answer

exchange of genes between populations.

question

A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as a(n):

answer

ethnicity

question

How long has the Iraqi ethnicity existed in the Middle East?

answer

never

question

The process though which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture but retain a distinct ethnic culture is referred to as:

answer

multiculturalism

question

What term was used in the past to describe a group of people but now refers to a country?

answer

nation

question

The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet refers to the concept of:

answer

imagined community

question

The process by which minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups is known as:

answer

assimilation

question

Among the eight UN Millennial Goals, one that highlights gender issues specifically is to:

answer

promote gender equality and empower women.

question

By studying the "fag discourse" in US schools, anthropologists have learned that:

answer

girls can increase their status by performing masculine behavior.

question

Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:

answer

is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat.

question

Matthew Gutmann's research in Mexico indicates that:

answer

masculine identity is in flux and negotiable.

question

Ida Susser's initial research focused on:

answer

social change in Brooklyn (New York City).

question

Cross-cultural studies indicate that biology predicts:

answer

the roles men and women play in a given culture.

question

More than 80 percent of victims of domestic violence in the United States:

answer

are female

question

Which of the following does not factor into biological differences between men and women?

answer

hair length

question

Sex tourists in the Dominican Republic are typically:

answer

white European men.

question

Harvard-trained biologist and zoologist Alfred Kinsey's study on human sexuality revealed which of the following?

answer

a continuum of sexual behavior

question

Mati may engage in sexual relationships with:

answer

men and women

question

________________ is a social scientist who wrote about the link between sexuality and power, describing the ways that sexuality is an arena in which appropriate behavior is defined, relations of power are worked out, and inequality and stratification are created, enforced, and contested.

answer

Michel Foucault

question

DOMA, the Defense of Marriage Act, stated which of the following about marriage?

answer

Marriage is the legal union between one man and one woman.

question

Heterosexuality in the United States:

answer

is a relatively new invention, and not the historical norm.

question

The lives of European women living in the colonies were restricted in all EXCEPT which of the following gender-specific ways?

answer

religious

question

The restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that:

answer

women and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods.

question

Anne Fausto-Sterling's analysis of biological sexual identity identifies:

answer

five sexes, including intersexuals

question

In the United States, ________ are those most subject to nonfatal intimate partner violence

answer

women between the ages of 20 and 24

question

Gender ideology is defined as:

answer

a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification

question

The process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural is called

answer

enculturation

question

Ida Susser's approach to research on HIV prevention in South Africa exemplifies:

answer

engaged anthropology

question

Early feminist anthropological studies focused on identifying:

answer

the underlying roots of universal male dominance.

question

Through the Zar Cult of Sudan, women:

answer

resisted subordination by speaking out while in a trance state.

question

Individuals whose culture identifies them as "neither man nor women" in India are called:

answer

hijras.

question

Studies of physical differences indicate that:

answer

human male and female bodies are more similar than different.

question

The "wedding industry" is which of the following?

answer

the network of commercial activities and social institutions that market weddings in the United States

question

All of the women in Patty Kelly's research in a brothel in Chiapas, Mexico, used the brothel as a way to do all of the following, EXCEPT:

answer

work out unresolved childhood issues.

question

Which of the following is NOT a motivation that cultural anthropologist Denise Brennan lists for young, rural, poor Dominican women to migrate to towns like Sosua?

answer

to have a vacation

question

Which of the following does NOT fit in the definition of sexuality in the text?

answer

the public display of wealth to gain community status

question

Under the rules of machismo, the machista is considered:

answer

a manly man

question

________is a gift exchange practice that helps stabilize a marriage by establishing a vested interest for both the groom's and bride's extended families in the success of the marriage.

answer

bridewealth

question

Which of the following statements about kinship is true?

answer

Kinship is the system that determines who is related to whom in a given society.

question

Looking cross-culturally, anthropologists argue that:

answer

definitions of marriage vary across cultures and over time.

question

Which of the following refers broadly to actions and/or policies that use imagined differences between human groups to justify unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities? Choose the single best answer.

answer

racism

question

The belief that whites are genetically different from, and intellectually superior to, other races is known as ____________.

answer

white supremecy

question

President Barack Obama has a white mother from Kansas and a black father from Kenya. His race is commonly described as African American, or black. This is most closely an example of which term from Chapter 6?

answer

hypodescent

question

________________ laws seek to prevent interracial marriage. Incorrect

answer

miscegenation

question

Early European settlers to North America believed themselves to be intellectually superior to Native Americans, and thus destined to rule them. This is an example of ______________.

answer

racial ideology

question

Which of the following is an example of nativism?

answer

policies providing more social services to native-born citizens than to immigrants

question

Which of the following can be seen by the naked eye?

answer

phenotype

question

Biologically, we can categorize humans based on which of the following?

answer

all of the above (skin color, hair texture, earwax type)

question

Which of the following is an example of colonialism?

answer

the control of one country over another

question

Eugenics is a pseudoscience that arose in the late 1800s and maintained popularity in the early 1900s. It was an attempt to "measure" attributes such as intelligence in a way that proved the superiority of some races over others. What event was an outcome of eugenic practice?

answer

the holocaust

question

"Middle Easterners" is a categorization that arose in popular American discourse after 9/11/2001. The creation of this categorization is known as _______________. Correct

answer

racialization

question

What percentage of DNA do all humans share in common?

answer

99.9%

question

In which of the following areas do we see whiteness privileged in the United States?

answer

all of the above (employment rate, criminal sentencing patterns, infant mortality, college enrollments)

question

The "invisible knapsack" refers to ________________.

answer

a set of unearned advantages that white people retain in contemporary society

question

Which of the following are reasons why there is no biological basis for race?

answer

all of these.. Racial categories existed in human societies before we had knowledge of genetics, and thus are based on cultural observation as opposed to genotypic reality.Because of rates of human interbreeding over the past 200,000 years, attempts to divide humans into biologically distinct categories require the creation of arbitrary, or "fuzzy," boundaries.Racial categories vary tremendously from one culture to the next.If we line up all humans and divide them into groups based on skin color, those groups would not align with existing racial categories.

question

Since there is no biological basis for race, we can argue which of the following?

answer

Race must be based on ideas and observations separate from biology.

question

Which of the following pairs demonstrate the smallest amount of genetic difference?

answer

two humans

question

According to the text, increased participation in the global economy means that many women who migrate from the global South find work as ________ in industrialized nations.

answer

nannies

question

Rape of men and women was one of the most brutal and powerful ways that gender stratification was performed in:

answer

the civil war of el salvador

question

Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women in Paramaribo, Suriname, are called:

answer

mati

question

________________ is a social scientist who wrote about the link between sexuality and power, describing the ways that sexuality is an arena in which appropriate behavior is defined, relations of power are worked out, and inequality and stratification are created, enforced, and contested.

answer

micheal foucault

question

Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of ________ and ________ most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families (2011

answer

race ; sexuality

question

Similar to membership in a family, citizenship in a nation-state derives mostly from:

answer

birth and biology.

question

Which type of assisted reproductive technology involves the implantation of a woman's egg that has been fertilized in a laboratory?

answer

in vitro fertilization

question

Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups?

answer

arranged

question

Families and kinship networks have the power to provide support and to nurture, as well as to ensure reproduction of which of the following?

answer

the next generation

question

Which of the following builds kinship ties between two people who are not typically immediate biological kin?

answer

marriage

question

Which of the following types of marriage consists of one individual married to one other individual only (most commonly one man married to one woman)?

answer

monogamy

question

Enculturation that takes place within a family shapes individuals' lives:

answer

outside of the household, including ways they think about gender roles, the division of labor, religious practices, warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism.

question

Clans that do not permit marriages within the group are considered:

answer

exogamous

question

By collecting kinship data from cultures worldwide, early anthropologists found that:

answer

there were only six different ways of organizing relatives.

question

Which of the following are the two primary forms of gift exchange that formalize and legalize marriages, while establishing a relationship tie or alliance between kinship groups?

answer

bridewealth and dowry

question

The concept of kinship groups based chiefly on biological assumptions and the nuclear family consisting of solely a mother, a father, and their children is:

answer

a euro-american ideal

question

Which of the following cultures has generally NOT constructed large social networks based on descent and kinship connections?

answer

united states

question

The form of reproductive technology that involves the creation of genetically identical copies of cells or whole organisms is called:

answer

cloning

question

Kinship includes:

answer

biological descent and marriage alliances, but also practices such as fostering and fictive kin.

question

Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups?

answer

arranged

question

Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and the father?

answer

ambilineal

question

Individuals learn basic patterns of human behavior from their families in a process termed:

answer

enculturation

question

Ambilineal descent groups such as Samoans, Maori, and Hawaiians are sometimes referred to as:

answer

cognatic descent groups.

question

Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:

answer

is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat.

question

The United States requires that individuals identify legally as:

answer

either male or female

question

During the El Salvador civil war (1977-1992), the group Co-Madres emerged as a political force that initially formed as a group of:

answer

mothers and relatives who demanded information about the missing.

question

An uneven distribution of power and access to resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges in which gender shapes who has access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges is known as gender:

answer

stratification

question

In Kano, Nigeria, Rudolf Gaudio found that the code term for men who have sex with other men is:

answer

masu harka.

question

Masu harka and yan daudu see homosexual behavior as:

answer

compatible with marrying women and having families, and as compatible with their Muslim faith.

question

All of the women in Patty Kelly's research in a brothel in Chiapas, Mexico, used the brothel as a way to do all of the following, EXCEPT

answer

work out unresolved childhood issues

question

Which of the following commonly creates socially recognized relationships that may involve physical and emotional intimacy, sexual pleasure, reproduction and raising of children, mutual support and companionship, and shared legal rights to property and inheritance?

answer

marriage

question

The incest taboo universally prohibits sexual relations:

answer

between parents children and siblings

question

Which of the following statements about marriage is true?

answer

Marriage occurs in every culture in some form, but its exact characteristics vary widely.

question

A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?

answer

father's

question

Cousins who are children of a mother's brother or father's sister are considered which type of cousins?

answer

cross-cousins

question

Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the union of one man to two or more women?

answer

polygyny

question

One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical:

answer

descent

question

Early anthropologists considered which of the following groups as key to understanding each culture's economic, political, and religious dynamics?

answer

descent groups

question

Which of the following forms of reproductive technologies involves a woman whose uterus has been implanted with a fertilized egg in which the egg has come from another woman?

answer

surrogacy

question

When did life on Earth emerge?

answer

3.5 billion years ago

question

If we imagine that each second represents one year, how long would it take us to count 4.5 billion seconds, representing the origin of Earth?

answer

over 139 years

question

"The remains of an organism that have been preserved through a natural chemical process that turns them partially or wholly into rock" (page 158) is known as which of the following?

answer

fossilization

question

Ernie studies rates of DNA mutations in order to determine the evolutionary history of specific organisms. Which of the following best describes his job title?

answer

paleogeneticists

question

How old is the planet itself?

answer

4.6 billion years old

question

deep time

answer

an enormous timescale with which geologists and scholars of evolution must deal.

question

homo sapiens first emerged as a separate species

answer

between 100 and 200 thousand years ago

question

The earliest identifiable human ancestor appeared

answer

between 7 and 6 million years ago.

question

the earliest primates occurred between

answer

65 and 55 million years ago

question

A deviation from the standard DNA code results in a squirrel being born with a longer, flatter tail that provides greater stability for climbing trees. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this example?

answer

mutation

question

Individuals within a species of bird can have two possible types of head plumage: dull gray or bright red. A new predator moves into the birds? habitat, and finds it easier to spot and kill birds with the bright head plumage. A greater percentage of birds with dull gray head plumage emerge in subsequent generations. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this situation?

answer

natural selection

question

Eric, who lives in Ohio, falls madly in love with Eva, who lives in Nairobi, Kenya. Eric moves to Kenya, marries Eva, has two kids, and lives happily ever after. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes the influence Eric?s genes have on the existing gene pool in Kenya?

answer

gene migration

question

Citizens of Anytown wake up one morning to find their entire town encased in a large dome. They can still grow food, access water, and do all of the things that they need to do to survive, but their dating pool becomes newly restricted to only those inside the dome. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this situation as it applies to future generations of Anytowners?

answer

genetic drift

question

Numerous fossil discoveries in the Awash River Valley have led the location to become known as the place "where it all began." In what country is this area located?

answer

ethiopia

question

The argument that that modern Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa, migrated outward, and eventually replaced archaic Homo sapiens is known as:

answer

the out of africa theory

question

__________ helps us achieve the proper amount of UV radiation, which is essential for the synthesis of __________, which we need to help us absorb __________. A.vitamin D, melanin, calcium

answer

melanin, vitamin D, calcium

question

Which of the following is the pigment that gives our skin color?

answer

melanin

question

Physical evidence of human ancestors (and other forms of prehistoric life)

answer

comes primarily from the fossil record.

question

Fossils consist of the remains of once-living organisms that have been preserved through

answer

through a natural process whereby the organic tissue is replaced with minerals from the surrounding environment

question

Only a small fraction of living organisms

answer

become fossilized

question

conditions that lead to fossilization

answer

are rare and often not the whole creature becomes fossilized

question

larger and denser bones of the body

answer

are more often found to be fossilized such as teeth, skulls, long bones, and pelvises

question

soft tissue, ribs, and bones of the hand

answer

are not fossilized as often as denser parts of the body because these bones are too small and fragile to withstand the fossilization process

question

mtDNA is found only in your

answer

mitochondria

question

four principle forces of evolution

answer

mutation, natural selection, gene drift, gene flow

question

genus homo's four principle traits

answer

bipedalism, expanded brain complexity, global migration

question

global migration

answer

Human beings, largely through their use of culture (particularly material culture) have expanded to all corners of the globe. No other species has been able to do that

question

what has made modern human successful at survival?

answer

genetic adaption, developmental adaption, acclimization, cultural adaptation

question

lack of vitamin D can lead to

answer

rickets in children and other diseases in adults, all of which can be fatal.

question

Over exposure to UV light

answer

destroys folic acid, which is particularly important during fetal development

question

wealth =

answer

income + asset -debt

question

The "man the hunter, woman the gatherer" debate is based on the idea that:

answer

During the evolutionary process, male aggression became imprinted in human DNA

question

Inequalities of wealth, power, privilege, and access to resources, coupled with poor health

answer

Structured gender violence

question

________ are key cultural institutions through which we learn what it means to be heterosexual.

answer

weddings

question

In the gender-based violence against nonheterosexuals, ________ are especially vulnerable.

answer

transgenders

question

Through the 1960s, the American Academy of Pediatrics attempted to manage the

answer

Hormone therapy, surgery, and counseling

question

Which of the following statements about the mati of Suriname is true?

answer

Mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity

question

Victims of gender-based violence are most likely to be assaulted:

answer

in a residence

question

On average, human men weight ________ more than women.

answer

15%

question

Mapping the global scope of diverse human sexual beliefs and behaviors is called the:

answer

Ethnocartography of human sexuality

question

Anthropologist Patty Kelly found that men who visited the brothel in Chiapas were mostly:

answer

local working class men

question

Which of the following factors would a cultural constructionist consider studying when investigating human sexuality?

answer

a christian dating forum

question

The preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in Native American cultures is:

answer

two-spirits

question

The learned behaviors perceived as masculine or feminine are called:

answer

cultural constructions

question

The discussion of machismo in Latin America in the text indicates that:

answer

Conceptions of machismo and masculinity are variable and shifting

question

Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of _____ and _____most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families (2011).

answer

race; sexuality

question

Nigerians do not regard homosexuality as:

answer

an authentically african lifestyle

question

Which of the following is a descent group that is constructed through the mother's side of the family?

answer

matrilineal

question

Which of the following phenomenon is currently placing stress on kinship systems worldwide?

answer

globalization

question

Discussions regarding same-sex marriage in the United States are a clear example of changing patterns of:

answer

kinship

question

Changing patterns over time demonstrate that marriage, family, and kinship are cultural:

answer

constructs

question

Both matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of descent build kinship groups through either one genealogical line (the mother's side) or the other (the father's side), which reflects which type of descent?

answer

unilineal

question

Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and father?

answer

ambilineal

question

Most people in the world practice which type of descent as their primary strategy to track kin group membership?

answer

patrilineal

question

First cousin marriages (between the children of two siblings) are legally prohibited:

answer

in some states in the united states of america

question

Individuals in descent groups whose primary relationships are determined in the United States via "blood" relations are generally called which of the following types of relatives?

answer

consanguineal

question

Which of the following is considered a general rule that forbids sexual relations with close relatives?

answer

incest taboo

question

The Defense of Marriage Act passed by the U.S. Congress in 2004 forbids the federal government from recognizing which of the following?

answer

same-sex marriages

question

Nation-states draw heavily on ideas of which of the following in order to create a sense of connection among very different people found within their national borders?

answer

kinship and family

question

The incest taboo-rules that forbid sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents is:

answer

universal across all culture in the world

question

Artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, surrogacy, and cloning are four forms of which of the following types of technologies?

answer

reproductive

question

The process by which an individual, whose marriage has ended due to divorce or death, remarries another individual is commonly called:

answer

serial monogamy

question

Deep time

answer

A framework for considering the span of human history within the much larger age of the universe and planet Earth.

question

Fossils

answer

The remains of an organism that have been preserved by a natural chemical process that turns them partially or wholly into rock. (page 158)

question

DNA

answer

Deoxyribonucleic acid; the feature of a cell that provides the genetic code for the organism. (page 162)

question

Paleogeneticist

answer

Scientist who studies the past through the examination of preserved genetic material. (page 162)

question

Theory of evolution

answer

The theory that biological adaptations in organisms occur in response to changes in the natural environment and develop in populations over generations. (page 162)

question

Creationism

answer

A belief that God created Earth and all living creatures in their present form as recently as six thousand years ago. (page 164)

question

Intelligent design

answer

An updated version of creationism that claims to propose an evidence-based argument to contradict the theory of evolution.

question

Mutation

answer

A deviation from the standard DNA code.

question

Mutagen

answer

Any agent that increases the frequency or extent of mutations.

question

Natural selection

answer

The evolutionary process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population.

question

Gene migration

answer

The movement of genetic material within a population and among diverse populations. (page 169)

question

Genetic drift

answer

The process whereby one segment of a population is removed from the larger pool, thereby limiting the flow of genetic material between the two groups.

question

Species

answer

A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring.

question

Bipedalism

answer

The ability to habitually walk on two legs; one of the key distinguishing characteristics of humans and our immediate ancestors.

question

Oldowan tools

answer

Stone tools shaped for chopping and cutting found in the Olduvai Gorge and associated with Australopithecus garhi.

question

Acheulian stone tools

answer

Stone tools associated with Homo erectus, including specialized hand axes for cutting, pounding, and scraping

question

Neandertal

answer

A late variety of archaic Homo sapien prevalent in Europe.

question

Multiregional continuity thesis

answer

The theory that modern Homo sapiens evolved directly from archaic Homo sapiens living in regions across the world.

question

Out of Africa" theory

answer

The theory that modern Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa, migrated outward, and eventually replaced the archaic Homo sapiens. Also called replacement theory.

question

Genetic adaptation

answer

Changes in genetics that occur at a population level in response to certain features of the environment.

question

Developmental adaptation

answer

The way in which human growth and development can be influenced by factors other than genetics, such as nutrition, disease, and stress.

question

Acclimatization

answer

The process of the body temporarily adjusting to the environment.

question

Cultural adaptation

answer

A complex innovation, such as fans, furnaces, and lights, that allows humans to cope with their environment.

question

Melanin

answer

The pigment that gives human skin its color.

question

Race

answer

A flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups.

question

Racism

answer

Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups. (page 197)

question

Genotype

answer

The inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form.

question

Phenotype

answer

The way genes are expressed in an organism's physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors. (page 200)

question

Colonialism

answer

A system of economic, military, and political control of one country over another.

question

Miscegenation

answer

A demeaning historical term for interracial marriage.

question

White supremacy

answer

The belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races. (page 215)

question

Jim Crow

answer

Laws implemented after the U.S. Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery. (page 215)

question

Hypodescent

answer

Sometimes called the 'one drop of blood rule'; the assignment of children of racially 'mixed' unions to the subordinate group. (page 216)

question

Nativism

answer

Favoring native inhabitants over new immigrants.

question

Eugenics

answer

A pseudoscience attempting to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population's genetic composition by favoring some races over others.

question

Racialization

answer

To categorize, differentiate, and attribute a particular racial character to a person or group of people.

question

Individual racism

answer

Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race.

question

Institutional racism

answer

Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems

question

Racial ideology

answer

A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal. (page 225)

question

Ethnicity

answer

A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group. (page 240)

question

Origin myth

answer

A story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity. (page 241)

question

Ethnic boundary marker

answer

A practice or belief, such as food, clothing, language, shared name, or religion, used to signify who is in a group and who is not. (page 242)

question

Genocide

answer

The deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group. (page 242)

question

Situational negotiation of identity

answer

An individual's self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location. (page 242)

question

Ethnic cleansing

answer

Efforts by representatives of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area. (page 248)

question

Melting pot

answer

A metaphor used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into U.S. dominant culture. (page 253)

question

Assimilation

answer

The process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups. (page 253)

question

Multiculturalism

answer

A pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture. (page 254)

question

State

answer

A regional structure of political, economic, and military rule. (page 254)

question

Nation-state

answer

A political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforced borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people. (page 254)

question

Nationalism

answer

The desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation-state. (page 255)

question

Imagined community

answer

The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet. (page 255)

question

Gender studies

answer

Research into the cultural construction of masculinity and femininity across cultures as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories. (page 270)

question

Sex

answer

The observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological expressions related to human reproduction. (page 271)

question

Gender

answer

The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes. (page 271)

question

Sexual dimorphism

answer

The phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. (page 271)

question

Cultural construction of gender

answer

The ways humans learn to behave as a man or woman and to recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context. (page 273)

question

Gender performance

answer

The way gender identity is expressed through action. (page 279)

question

Intersexual

answer

An individual who is born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes. (page 282)

question

Transgender

answer

A gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to one's assigned sex at birth. (page 284)

question

Gender stratification

answer

An unequal distribution of power and access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges based on gender. (page 292)

question

Gender stereotype

answer

A preconceived notion about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in a culture. (page 293)

question

Gender ideology

answer

A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification. (page 293)

question

Gender violence

answer

Forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of the people involved. (page 297)

question

Structural gender violence

answer

gendered societal patterns of unequal access to wealth, power, and basic resources such as food, shelter, and health care that differentially affect women in particular. (page 298)

question

Sexuality

answer

The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right, appropriate, and natural. (page 311)

question

Heterosexuality

answer

Attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the same sex. (page 320)

question

Bisexuality

answer

Attraction to and sexual relations with members of both sexes. (page 320)

question

Asexuality

answer

A lack of erotic attraction to others. (page 320)

question

Sexual violence

answer

Violence perpetuated through sexually related physical assaults such as rape. (page 335)

question

Sex tourism

answer

Travel, usually organized through the tourism sector, to facilitate commercial sexual relations between tourists and local residents. (page 338)

question

Sex work

answer

Labor through which one provides sexual services for money. (page 339)

question

Kinship

answer

The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities. (page 350)

question

Nuclear family

answer

The kinship unit of mother, father, and children. (page 350)

question

Descent group

answer

A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through consanguine ('blood') relatives. (page 352)

question

Lineage

answer

A type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor. (page 352)

question

Clan

answer

A type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation. (page 352)

question

Affinal relationship

answer

A kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not through biology or common descent. (page 360)

question

Marriage

answer

A socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance. (page 360)

question

Arranged marriage

answer

Marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties. (page 361)

question

Companionate marriage

answer

Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation. (page 362)

question

Polygyny

answer

Marriage between one man and two or more women. (page 362)

question

Polyandry

answer

Marriage between one woman and two or more men. (page 362)

question

Monogamy

answer

A relationship between only two partners. (page 362)

question

Incest taboo

answer

Cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives. (page 363)

question

Exogamy

answer

Marriage to someone outside the kinship group. (page 364)

question

Endogamy

answer

Marriage to someone within the kinship group. (page 364)

question

Bridewealth

answer

The gift of goods or money from the groom's family to the bride's family as part of the marriage process. (page 365)

question

Dowry

answer

The gift of goods or money from the bride's family to the groom's family as part of the marriage process. (page 365)

question

Family of orientation

answer

The family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills. (page 378)

question

Family of procreation

answer

The family group created when one reproduces and within which one rears children. (page 378)

question

Class

answer

A system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society's resources. (page 395)

question

Egalitarian society

answer

A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence. (page 396)

question

Reciprocity

answer

The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties. (page 396)

question

Ranked society

answer

A group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are. (page 397)

question

Redistribution

answer

A form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern. (page 398)

question

Potlach

answer

Elaborate redistribution ceremony practiced among the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest. (page 398)

question

Bourgeoisie

answer

Marxist term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production. (page 400)

question

Means of production

answer

The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things. (page 400)

question

Proletariat

answer

Marxist term for the class of laborers who own only their labor. (page 400)

question

Prestige

answer

The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups. (page 402)

question

Life chances

answer

An individual's opportunities to improve quality of life and achieve life goals. (page 402)

question

Social mobility

answer

The movement of one's class position, upward or downward, in stratified societies. (page 402)

question

Social reproduction

answer

The -phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack or prestige are passed from one -generation to the next. (page 404)

question

Habitus

answer

Bourdieu's term to describe the self-perceptions and beliefs that develop as part of one's social identity and shape one's -conceptions of the world and where one fits in it. (page 404)

question

Cultural capital

answer

The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society. (page 404)

question

Intersectionality

answer

An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification. (page 406)

question

Income

answer

What people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties. (page 411)

question

Wealth

answer

The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt. (page 413)

question

Caste

answer

A closed system of stratification in a society. (page 430)

question

Achieved status

answer

Social position established and changeable during a person's lifetime. (page 430)

question

Ascribed status

answer

Social position inherited, assigned at birth, and passed down from generation to generation with enforced boundaries. (page 430)

question

Dalits

answer

Members of India's 'lowest' caste; literally, 'broken people.' Also called 'Untouchables.' (page 431)

question

Leith Mullings argues that class cannot be studied in isolation but rather must be considered together with race and gender as interlocking systems of:

answer

power

question

Which of the following individuals is among four key theorists of class and inequality who wrote in the nineteenth century and is likely the most widely read theorist of class?

answer

karl marx

question

Karl Marx examined social inequality by distinguishing between which two distinct classes of people?

answer

bourgeoisie and proletariat

question

Pierre Bourdieu worked to understand the relationship between class, culture, and power by examining which of the following phenomenon in schools?

answer

social reproduction

question

For Bourdieu, which of the following concepts is defined as a set of common perceptions that shape expectations and aspirations and guide an individual in assessing his or her life chances and the potential for social mobility?

answer

habitus

question

Given the poverty rates reported in the 2009 U.S. Census Bureau report, it is important to recognize that most of the nation's poor are:

answer

white and live in rural and suburban areas.

question

According to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie consisted of a capitalist class of individuals who owned the means of:

answer

production

question

In India's caste system, the population is divided into how many different castes, or varna?

answer

four

question

In ranked societies, positions of high prestige such as that of a chief are largely:

answer

hereditary

question

Globalization has produced unprecedented opportunities for the creation of wealth:

answer

but it has also produced widespread poverty worldwide.

question

Which of the following is defined as a closed system of social stratification in which members are organized into hierarchically ranked groups with unequal access to rewards and privileges based on ascribed status?

answer

caste

question

India's recent economic transformations are resulting in:

answer

the development of new occupations and social mobility that are challenging the power of caste boundaries to maintain a system of stratification.

question

Archaeological evidence suggests that hierarchy, violence, and aggression:

answer

emerged relatively recently in human history

question

Which of the following is a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society's resources?

answer

class

question

The unequal distribution of a society's resources within a class system typically:

answer

involves moving surpluses steadily upward into the hands of the elite.

question

According to Max Weber, the reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups are called:

answer

prestige

question

For a chief in a ranked society, his or her rank and status are reinforced through reciprocity and

answer

generosity

question

Which of the following is a theory of poverty that considers poverty as pathology in that it is a result of an individual's personal failings stemming from a combination of dysfunctional behaviors, attitudes, and values that make and keep the poor person poor?

answer

culture of poverty

question

Anthropologists such as Setha Low have demonstrated that class is largely invisible in the United States due to which of the following actions carried out by portions of the population?

answer

voluntary isolation

question

Patterns of reciprocity:

answer

still exist, even in contemporary societies that base economic relations on the exchange of money for services.

question

Societies in which prestige and status are stratified but wealth is not are considered:

answer

ranked

question

Karl Marx argued that capitalists increased their wealth by extracting the surplus labor value from which of the following?

answer

workers

question

The movement of one's class position-whether upward or downward-in stratified societies is called:

answer

social mobility

question

Systems of stratification and power such as class:

answer

are not intrinsic to human culture

question

Countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are among those that have explicitly worked to narrow stratification through high taxation of wealth and which of the following efforts?

answer

generous social benefits

question

The work of which of the following more recent theorists has led anthropologists to reexamine class by analyzing the deep connections between class, race, and gender?

answer

leith mullings

question

Theorist Pierre Bourdieu found that which of the following systems did not provide opportunities for social class mobility, but instead helped reproduce the social class relations that already existed?

answer

educational

question

Efforts to establish more egalitarian systems of economic and social relations within highly stratified societies include which of the following communities?

answer

hutterite

question

The income gaps between the highest earners and the lowest earners in the United States have:

answer

increased substantially during the past five decades due to changes in the tax code and stagnating salaries.

question

Of all the systems of stratification and power in a society, which of the following is commonly the most difficult to see clearly and to discuss openly?

answer

class

question

Proponents of poverty as a structural problem trace its roots to dysfunctional aspects of the:

answer

economic systems

question

Hunger reflects growing global inequality and is a result of

answer

the uneven distribution of food despite the sufficient amount of food available to feed the world's poor.

question

Egalitarian societies depend on sharing which of the following in order to ensure group success?

answer

resources

question

In the United States, an individual's life chances are:

answer

stratified by class as well as race and gender

question

Which of the following statements is true?

answer

Wealth in the United States is even more unevenly distributed than income, and the gap continues to widen.

question

In ranked societies, the social rank of each member of the society is determined by:

answer

heredity

question

For a chief in a ranked society, his or her rank and status are reinforced through reciprocity and:

answer

generosity

anthro101 exam 2 quiz questions and vocabulary – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards