question

Anthropology

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study of human diversity

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Anthropology sits at the intersection of what?

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humanities, natural sciences, social sciencies

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Anthropology reflects tension between

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nature and nurture, or biology and culture

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Conventional 4 fields of anthro

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biological or physical anthropolgy, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology

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biological or physical anthropology

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study of humans as biological organisms

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primate relations

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as a species we share a common ancestry with other mammals and more specifically with other primates and with monkeys and other animals closely related to humans

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human evolution

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fossils of long-ago ancestors of our species are studied to help us understand how, when and why we became the kind of biological animal we are today

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Archaeology

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study of past cultures

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interpretation of material culture

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any object which has been modified by humans (clothing, structures, weapons, art, etc.)

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linguistic anthropology

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-structures of human languages -relation between language and worldview -social and cultural uses of language

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linguistic anthropologists study:

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how we are different and how we are the same in our languages and our uses of language

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human ecology

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-interaction of human groups with their environment -foodways (what they eat, where it comes from, what it means)

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applied anthropology

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applying anthropological knowledge and techniques to the solving of practical real-world problems

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cultural anthropology

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study of living human cultures

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participant-observation

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studying a culture by both participating and observing the actions and statements of its members

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ethnology

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"study of people" older name for field of anthropology

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the history of anthropology is largely the history of:

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Europeans trying to make sense of the world

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Franz Boas

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founder of american anthropology (career spanned the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century)

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Salvage Ethnography

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documenting disappearing cultural practices

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Fundamental question that interested Boas

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Where does cultural difference come from? The environment? History and change?

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most important point from Boas

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culture vs. civilization

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Boas calls the Intuit (eskimos):

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"savages" (language of "civilization")

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Boas called for:

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a respect of cultural difference and a restraint on judgement

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Intuit's value

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Judge individuals by the warmth of their heart

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Civilization

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-Difference (technological, political, etc.) marks society in a ranking of development -Savage -> Barbarian -> Civilized

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Culture

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-Difference is simply arbitrary -Difference is not judged

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Boas and other anthropologists of his time were motivated by:

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the fear that the cultures they studied would soon disappear as people lost their old ways (salvage ethnography)

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What does we are all bound by "shackles of tradition" mean?

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everyone has culture

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Boas argued that:

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human cultures were too complex and that all cultures are equal in value

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Boas urged anthropologists to:

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study the cultures and histories of particular societies for their own value, their own way of life, their own beauty

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Concept of civilization insists on:

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a judgement of cultural difference

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Ethnocentrism

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the belief that one's own culture's way of doing something is the right, natural or universal way

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ethnocentrism may be hard to recognize because:

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our assumptions about the world are often unstated and taken for granted

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cultural relativism

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the belief that we must understand others' cultural practices on its own terms (take the "natives point of view")

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Boas' anti-cultural evolutionary perspective

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all cultures are equally valuable and interesting and complex

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Lassiter's definition of culture

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a shared and negotiated system of meaning informed by knowledge that people learn and put into practice by interpreting experience and generating behavior

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Culture is:

answer

-necessary -integrated -conservative and always changing -learned -normative -shared -multiple -taken for granted -embodied and material -tied to power

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What does is mean by culture is necessary?

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People need a shared system of meanings, values, symbols, and understandings to be able to predict and interpret one another's behavior

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Culture enables us to:

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live with other people

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Culture provides:

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the context-the shared system of meaning- that gives specific human actions meaning

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What does is mean by culture is integrated?

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anthropologists recognize the need to study the interrelationship of many aspects of human life

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some aspects of culture:

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change rapidly and some aspects tend to be rather conservative (changing slowly through time or more rapidly under special circumstances) but cultures are always in motion

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What does is mean by culture is learned?

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all culture is transmitted socially rather than biologically inherited (through growing up in it)

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Enculturation

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the process whereby culture is transmitted from one generation to the next

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social sanctions

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negative influences from others which encourage us to behave more 'normally'

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What does it mean by culture is shared?

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Culture makes interpersonal communication, mutual understanding and coordinated action possible; one person cannot have culture in isolation

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What does it mean by culture is multiple?

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different categories of people (such as men and women, children and adults) have different experiences of their culture and may have expertise in different areas of cultural knowledge

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subculture

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a smaller group within a culture that shares specialized knowledges, languages or identities

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What does it mean by culture is taken for granted?

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culture is often invisible, taking the form of expectations, assumptions, beliefs, identities, and other types of ideas which exist in people's individual minds and the community's shared sense of itself and the world

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artifacts

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objects that reflect a culture's ideas and needs

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humans constantly make their culture material by:

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shaping objects to reflect their ideas and their needs (artifacts)

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ethnography

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1. the study of a particular culture (includes participant-observation, interviewing, field notes, etc.) 2. the genre of writing that anthropologists use to present the "native's point of view"

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3 stages of ethnography

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1. background study (at university, studying languages, history, etc.) 2. fieldwork (leaving university, taking field notes) 3. writing (return to university and write about findings, conclusions)

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comparativism

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the search for differences and similarities between cultures

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holism

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emphasizing the whole over the parts, essential to grasping the meaning of a particular behavior/practice

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Bronislaw Malinowski (Argonauts of the Western Pacific)

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anthropologist must "grasp the native's point of view" -document the culture and its structure -document the imponderabilia of actual life -record the cultural knowledge of the natives from their point of view

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fieldwork experience

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-insider/outsider status -dependence and reciprocity issues -negotiating your own cultural needs and discovering another culture's logic in the process

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Ethical issues raised by Lila Abu-Lughoud about the study of culture:

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-respect cultural difference -the misuse of culture (being reductionistic as opposed to holistic) -ethnocentrism vs. cultural relativism

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What is the primary method used by cultural anthropologists?

answer

participant-observation

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stages of participant-observation

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1. making entree- key informants/consultants/subjects 2. culture shock- derives from one's own ethnocentrism, must work through the clash of meaning systems 3. establishing rapport- moves the ethnographer from outsider to insider 4. understanding the culture- learning to appreciate the "native's point of view"

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ethical issues in research

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-anthropologists are obligated to tell their informants/consultants/collaborators what they are studying and why -communities welfare must come first

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Malinowski

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each part of culture has a function, usually to preserve social cohesion

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Moka

answer

'interest' -exercises a large number of social relationships -collection of many gift exchanges

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Marcel Mauss (The Gift)

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1. Giving- creates a social bond and gives prestige to the giver 2. Receiving- acknowledges the bond and accepts a debt 3. Reciprocating- renews social bond, indebts the recipient, gives honor to the new gift giver

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Lessons learned by Count and his family in Too Many Bananas, Not Enough Pineapples, and No Watermelon at all

answer

1. In a society where food is shared of gifted as part of social life, you may not buy it with money. 2. Never refuse a gift and never fail to return a gift. If you cannot use it, you can always give it away to someone else (no such thing as too much) 3. Where reciprocity is the rule and gifts are the idiom, you cannot demand a gift, just as you cannot refuse a request

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Gift giving

answer

an exchange of objects, creates a social obligation

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Market exchanges

answer

the exchange of objects for money, does not create obligations

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Barter

answer

trading one object for another (still a type of market exchange, more common between communities than within one)

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Difference between gift exchange and barter or market exchange

answer

gifting implies a social bond and the obligation to reciprocate, also about social status

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When did capitalism start?

answer

19th century, most decisively in Great Britain then throughout the rest of western Europe and North America

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economy

answer

a system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources

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global capitalist economic system

answer

world of "free markets"

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key distinction of economies

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is an economy small, self-sufficient and isolated or is it integrated into the modern system of global commerce

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Yehudi Cohen (1974)

answer

-used adaptive strategy to describe a society's system of economic production -similar economic causes have similar sociocultural effects

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Market economy

answer

-goods exchanged for money -exchange is impersonal -financial gain is the prime motivator of the distribution of goods and services -hierarchy of wealthy individuals -large scale societies

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Non-market economy

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-gift giving may be primary form of exchange -exchange is personal -social status and public opinion drive the exchange of goods -equality is strongly emphasized -small scale, face-to-face, societies

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How is labor deployed in a capitalist society?

answer

money buys labor power and there is a social gap between the people (bosses and workers) involved in the production process

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How is labor deployed in non-industrial societies?

answer

labor is usually not bought but given as a social obligation and teamwork based production or mutual aid is part of a larger web of social relations

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Alienation

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in industrial societies, workers may be alienated from the items they make but in nonindustrial societies, people usually see their work from start to finish and feel a sense of accomplishment

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Land in non-industrial societies

answer

less permanent bond between people and land -unmarked, unenforced boundaries -rights to land come through kinship and marriage

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Land in free market societies

answer

bought and sold; it is property -marked boundaries -acquired through money

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Ex of land in societies

answer

in Botswana in southern Africa, Ju hoansi San women habitually used specific tracts of berry-bearing trees. when a woman changed bands/kin groups, she immediately acquired a new gathering area

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general purpose money

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portable medium of exchange, everyone accepts it, essential to market economy

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special purpose money

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a particular object serves as a medium of exchange in a specific situation, no substitute for this object, found in more small-scale societies

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Anthropologists view systems and motivations:

answer

in cross-cultural perspective

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Classical economic theory

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assumes that our wants are infinite while our means are limited; assume that when confronted with choices and decisions, people tend to make the most rational one; one that maximizes profit (profit motive)

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economic anthropology

answer

numerous motives (profit, wealth, prestige, comfort, social harmony)

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Potlatch

answer

regional exchange system among tribes of the North Pacific Coast of N America including the Salish and Kwakiutl in which sponsors gave away food, blankets, pieces of copper or other items in return for prestige; considered the ultimate example of irrational economic behavior (banned in US and Canada); some tribes still practice, sometimes as memorial to dead

question

what did christian missionaries think of potlatching?

answer

considered it to be wasteful and antithetical to the protestant work ethic (US and Canada pressured into outlawing it)

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Generalized reciprocity

answer

someone gives to another person and expects nothing concrete or immediate in return (ex: birthday present)

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Balanced reciprocity

answer

exchanges between people who are more distantly related, the giver expects something in return (ex: market exchanges, you must pay for objects you buy)

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Negative reciprocity

answer

exchanges in which someone attempts to get something for as little as possible, even using dishonesty (ex: ingratiating yourself with your boss, taking advantage of someone's desparation to buy something cheap)

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one way of reducing tension in situations of potential negative reciprocity

answer

to engage in "silent trade" (no personal contact during exchanges)

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reciprocity

answer

exchange between social equals, who normally are related by kinship, marriage or another close personal tie

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symbolism of money in Langkawi

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-money as a means of exchange is "hot," "anti-social" -women transform money into a consumption good to reproduce the household and maintain its unity

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Consanquine

answer

of the same blood, descended from the same ancestor, same lineage

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Affinal

answer

kin relations based on marriage

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Gotong pinjam ("borrowed cooperation")

answer

no short term reciprocation- close relatives and neighbors

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Berderau

answer

a team of women, always reciprocated- close to relatives and neighbors

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Upah pinjam ("borrowed wages")

answer

reduced wage to distant kin

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Carsten (Cooking Money)

answer

women purify money, socialize it and invest it with values and morality

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Symbolism of money

answer

not just a means of exchange, also a consumption good- male and female meanings to money

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romantic love

answer

relatively recent invention

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kinship

answer

most basic principle of organizing individuals into social groups, roles and categories (both biological and cultural)

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In modern industrial communities, family structures have been weakened by:

answer

the dominance of the market economy and the provision of state organized social services

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fundamental institution responsible for rearing children and organizing consumption

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nuclear family household

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Consanguinal kin relations

answer

based on shared blood (biological relatedness)

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fictive kin relations

answer

identify an unrelated individual as a member of the kin group (ex: adoption, calling parents close friends "aunt" or "uncle")

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kin terms (emic)

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the role labels used in different societies to classify kin, specific to particular cultures

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kin types (etic)

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the terms anthropologists use to describe kin relations, supposed to be neutral terms

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factors of differentiation in kinship systems

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-generation -sex -affinity -collaterality -relative age

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a kin type is used to:

answer

designate each individual relationship (ex: mother, father, mother's brother)

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kin terms can include

answer

more than one relationship

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descent

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systems of reckoning consanguinal kin

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functions of descent groups

answer

-marital -economic (sharing work and resources) -political (both within the group and in relation to other groups) -religious (a descent group may have its own rites and beliefs)

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Unilineal descent

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descent is traced through parents and ancestors of only one sex

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Bilateral descent

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descent can be traced through either or both parents

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patrilineal descent

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both males and females belong to their father's kin group but not their mother's (found among 44% of all cultures)

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matrilineal descent

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follows a female line, only daughters can pass on the family line to their offspring (15% of all cultures)

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majority of world's cultures reckon descent:

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unilineally (only about 30% reckon it cognatically)

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bilateral descent is present in:

answer

few (but heavily populated) societies

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patrilineage

answer

-descent is traced through male lineage -inheritance moves from father to son -man's position as father and husband is the most important source of male authority

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matrilineage

answer

-descent is traced through the female line -children belong to the mother's descent group -inclusion of a husband in the household is less important -woman usually have higher status

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latent kinship

answer

ties to kin outside the network that you usually keep in touch with- can be activated, in certain circumstances

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"personal kindred"

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American kin pattern where only full siblings share the same set of kin

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marriage

answer

some person has continuing claim to sexual access to another person

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distinction between marriage and mating

answer

mating concerns only individuals (and their offspring), marriage concerns the whole society: it is culturally sanctioned and is backed by legal, economic and social forces

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polygamy

answer

any marriage system involving more than one partner of one gender

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polygyny

answer

a marriage system involving one man having multiple wives

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polyandry

answer

a marriage system involving one woman having multiple husbands, mostly a Tibetan practice

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patrilocal residence pattern

answer

with the husband's patrilineal kin

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matrilocal residence pattern

answer

with the wife's matrilineal kin

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avunculocal residence pattern

answer

with the wife's brother (children's uncle)

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ambilocal residence pattern

answer

near whichever family is convenient or has the most resources or work to share

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neolocal residence pattern

answer

somewhere new, not close to either family

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6 kinship systems

answer

1. Sudanese 2. Hawaiian 3. Eskimo 4. Iroquois 5. Omaha 6. Crow

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Sudanese naming system

answer

most descriptive system, named after the groups that use them in Africa -assigns different kin term to each distinct relative -8 different cousin terms -technically no general categories -often associated with societies with distinct class divisions ex: Chinese kinship

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Eskimo kinship system

answer

typically found among hunting and gathering people in North America and correlated with bilateral descent -no division is made between patrilineal and matrilineal kin -nuclear family members are assigned unique labels not extended to any other relatives -more distant collateral relatives are grouped together on basis of distance (collateral merging)

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Hawaiin naming system

answer

least descriptive system -emphasizes distinctions between generations (nuclear fam deemphasized) -merges together many different relatives into a few categories -ego differentiates relatives only on the basis of sex and generation -reflects the equality between the mothers and fathers sides of the family Ex: Kiowa kinship

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Iroquois naming system

answer

common in unilineal descent systems where it is important to distinguish between father's and mother's kin -same term of reference used for father and father's brother (same w mother and sister) -parallel cousins from both sides of the family are lumped together with siblings but distinguished by gender -all cross cousins are similarly lumped together and distinguished by gender

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Omaha naming system

answer

found among patrilineal peoples including the Native American group of that name -patrilineally based kin naming system in which relatives are lumped together on the basis of descent and gender -siblings and parallel cousins of the same gender are given the same term of reference -father and father's brother also have same kin term -other people in ego's mother's patrilineage are lumped across generations -common in unilineal descent systems where it is important to distinguish between father's and mother's kin

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Crow naming system

answer

named for the Crow Indians of North America, matrilineal equivalent of the Omaha system -matrilineally based kin naming system in which siblings and parallel cousins of the same gender are given the same term of reference -other people in ego's father's matrilineage are lumped across generations, reflecting the comparative unimportance of the father's side of the family in societies using the Crow system

question

parallel cousins

answer

ego's father's brother's children and mother's sister's children

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cross cousins

answer

ego's father's sister's children and mother's brother's children

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incest

answer

having sexual relations with an individual who is culturally defined as related to you in a way which makes such sexual activity inappropriate

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endogamy

answer

marrying within some culturally-defined group

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exogamy

answer

marrying outside some culturally-defined group

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Bohannon

answer

all societies prohibit sexuality within the nuclear family except between husband and wife

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Ego

answer

person to whom all kinship relationships are referred

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In 1951, how many cultures practiced polygyny?

answer

84% of 185 cultures

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monogamy

answer

one man married to one woman (most common but not most preferred form of marriage)

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serial monogamy

answer

marriage to multiple spouses, one at a time

question

rationale for man in polygyny

answer

more sexual partners, more children, more prestige

question

rationale for women in polygyny

answer

more help for their work, companionship, support in controlling husband

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traditional Bari society believes:

answer

that the fetus is nurtured by multiple washings of semen (hard work for men to support a pregnancy), having a secondary father seems to help the child survive and be healthy

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woman marriage

answer

among the Nuer, women unable to bear children may take a "wife." Her children (she is impregnated by a secret bf) will recognize the "female husband" as father

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sororate marriage

answer

when a wife dies, the widower marries her sister

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levirate marriage

answer

when a husband dies, the widow will marry his brother

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bride service

answer

the service (such as hunting) of a man to his wife's family after marriage ex: !Kung

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bridewealth

answer

the practice in which a husband's kin give gifts to a wife's kin at marriage (sets up a reciprocal relationship, unilineal descent)

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dowry

answer

wife's kin give the woman's inheritance to husband's kin at marriage (husband can lose "hope chest" if there is a divorce)

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cousin marriages

answer

not only taboo, but sometimes the ideal marriage partner in certain societies

question

ideal cousin marriage in many Islamic societies

answer

patrilineal parallel cousin marriages

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Where are cross cousin marriages preferred and parallel cousin marriages forbidden?

answer

South India, Iroquois and other native Americans, Australian aborigines, Maori, etc.

question

patriarchy

answer

social organization marked by supremacy of the father in the clan/lineage; broadly, when men control a disproportionate amount of power in a society

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Sex is:

answer

biological; most individuals are born with the biological traits of either a male or a female member of the species

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Gender is:

answer

cultural; assigning rights and tasks to one sex or the other and understanding and institutionalizing the similarities and differences between males and females (Bohannon)

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In all societies, what is the primary criterion for assigning social/cultural roles?

answer

gender

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Agriculture leads to:

answer

concentration of power, prestige and resources

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Early states are:

answer

hierarchical, centralized, include state-sponsored religions, military and market exchange

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States dependent on:

answer

markets to distribute food

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Modern nation-states are:

answer

more interdependent than ever

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Mississippian skeletons from Dickson Mounds had a significantly higher occurence of bone lesions resulting from:

answer

low-level, long-term bacterial infections pre-mississippians: 22% mississippians: 80%

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Pre-Mississippian vs. Mississippian differences in percentages of trauma from Dickson Mounds

answer

16% to 33%

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Degenerative diseases in pre-mississippians vs. mississippians in Dickson Mounds

answer

40% to 70%

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In Dickson Mounds, Mississippian children:

answer

had significantly shorter tibias and femurs

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Agriculture encourages and is encouraged by:

answer

population growth

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Life expectancy of Pre-Mississippian vs. Mississippian people at Dickson

answer

pre-mississipian: 26 years mississippian: 19 years

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Percentage of death in first year of life of Pre-Mississippian vs. Mississippians

answer

13% to 22%

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Further life expectancy at 15 years of Pre-Mississippian vs. Mississippian

answer

23 (to age 38) to 18 (to age 33)

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Dickson area transition to agriculture also included:

answer

degenerative pathologies and traumatic pathologies

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Things to remember about race

answer

-historically recent concept -racial categories vary by society -groups identified as a race at one point in time may not be at another (ex: Jews)

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What did Jared Diamond in "Race Without Color" say about a species skin color, eye color and hair?

answer

They don't correspond to other biological differences; no concordance

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Sickle-cell gene

answer

lumps some Africans with peoples of Arabian peninsula and southern India

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The enzyme lactase

answer

lumps northern and central Europeans, Arabians, north Indians, some Africans vs. southern Europeans, most Africans, east Asians, Aboriginees, native Americans

question

Fingerprints

answer

Europeans and Africans vs. Jews and Indonesians vs. Aboriginees

question

Why is race a scientifically invalid biological category?

answer

-biological characteristics affected by natural selection, sexual selection, or gene flow are distributed in geographic gradations -any 2 or more gradations are likely to be distributed discordantly

question

In the film, "The House We Live In," how did suburbs like Levittown, PA become all white?

answer

post WW2, federal housing programs create 30 year mortgages

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In "The House We Live In," what happens to a community when African American families move in?

answer

goes downhill, white people move out

question

Main reason to distinguish race from ethnicity

answer

ethnicity is seen as something that can be overcome (discrimination can no longer be a problem)

question

Problems with the black/white model

answer

Excluding other groups: -hispanics often get ignored or written off as immigrants -Asians get the "model minority" stereotype Multiracial identities: -more and more people identifying themselves as multiracial

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What if a combination of geographically variable genes are used?

answer

-we might be able to identify distinct sub-groups -it might consist of several African races, and one race for peoples of all other continents

question

Fair Housing Act (1968)

answer

removes racial language from federal housing policy (under President Johnson)

question

White flight

answer

depresses tax base, schools and services decline

question

The Great American Skull Wars: Native Americans, race, and natural history museums

answer

-Sand Creek massacre of the Cheyenne -Skeletons shipped to Army Medical museum

question

the era of the natural history museum

answer

-Smithsonian Institution -Competing museums: -Peabody museum- Harvard and Yale -American museum of Natural History- next to Central Park and near Metropolitan museum of art -University museum of Archaeology and Paleontology -Chicago's Field museum -Museum of Anthropology at Univ. California -these museums seek to build their own collections of Indian skulls and skeletons

question

Ch 11: The Perilous Idea of Race

answer

-head size thought to indicate intelligence -cephalic index: ratio of maximum skull breadth to maximum skull length- becomes more popular measurement

question

Franz Boas questioning the value of the cephalic index

answer

-1909, starts measuring heads of immigrants at Ellis Island (total of 18,000 head measurements) -by 1911, finds that cephalic indices change significantly with first generation immigrants -conclusion: differences b/t different types of man are small as compared to the range of variation in each type

question

Earnest Hooton

answer

-dominates American physical anthropology -joined Harvard in 1913, taught till 1954 -famous for study of Pecos Pueblo -advocate of Nordic superiority and Jewish inferiority -From 1913-1950, trains almost every physical anthropologist in America

question

American Anthropological Associations questions the definition of race in 1997

answer

-human pops are not unambiguous, clearly demarcated, biologically distinct groups -racial beliefs constitute myths -folk beliefs about human difference

question

What percentage of chance of determining the race based on a human skull?

answer

85%-90%

question

class

answer

-like race and gender, it is a social category that we live with/live though everyday -it is an inescapable part of who we are

question

upper class

answer

-millionaires, inherited wealth -those who don't have to work -refer to tuxes as "dinner jackets" -have frequent house guests, horses

question

upper middle class

answer

-wealthy surgeons, lawyers, etc. -professionals who couldn't be described as middle class -more rooms than you need in your home -role-reversed: men cook dinner, women work out of the home

question

middle class

answer

-great American majority -earnest and insecure -have "status panic" -timid, conventional, friendly

question

high proletarian class

answer

-skilled workers but manual labor -electricians, plumbers, etc. -probably not familiar with the term "proletarian" -conviction of independence -respect brands -nice people

question

middle prole class

answer

-unskilled manual labor -waitresses, painters -some bitterness about work -work is supervised

question

low prole class

answer

-non-skilled of a lower level than mid prole -uncertainty of employment

question

destitute class

answer

-working and non-working poor -dependent on welfare

question

bottom out of sight class

answer

-street people -the most destitute in society -"out of sight" because they have no voice, influence

question

the biggest determinant of social achievement in the US is ____

answer

social class (but no one talks about it)

question

In the US, wealth inequality:

answer

runs even more pronounced than income inequality

question

economic aspects of class

answer

the amount of income or wealth possessed by households or individuals

question

Who has the most unequal distribution of wealth of all industrialized nations?

answer

US

question

For anthropologists, class status is determined by:

answer

both economic and cultural capital

question

According to Paul Fussel, how many classes are there?

answer

Most simply two- rich and poor, ultimately there are nine

question

75% of all the world's people living on less than $1 a day are:

answer

women

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Women own __ of the world's natural resources and grow __ of the world's food

answer

1%, 60-80%

question

In all racial groups in the US, who fares the worst economically and politically?

answer

women

question

medical anthropology

answer

-explores the experience of illness -studies non-western medical systems- from literate traditions (like Chinese medicine) to folk herbalism to shamanism, witchcraft, and sorcery -reflects critically on the nature of biomedical practice

question

The spirit catches you and you fall down deals with the problem of:

answer

fright

question

In the spirit catches you, Lia's first seizure happens:

answer

when her older sister slammed the front door

question

Lia's epilepsy initially looks like ____ but also generalizes to ____

answer

benign focal seizures, grand mal seizures

question

Lia's medication

answer

phenobarbital, Tegretol, Dilantin

question

Why don't Lia's parents like the drugs?

answer

-drugs shouldn't be given forever -child protective services

question

In the Hmong society, seizures are thought to be:

answer

signs that an individual either into trances, perceives things others can't, can journey into the realm of the unseen, gives one sympathy for the suffering of others

question

knowledge and belief are:

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intertwined in complex ways -our "faith" in science and medicine -today's truths may be tomorrow's errors -examine more closely other's beliefs. they turn out to be more complex than we first thought

question

Who helps Lia go home after almost a year in foster care?

answer

Jeanine Hilt

question

What is the culture of medicine?

answer

"Scientism" -it manifests in the "authority" of doctors and the expectation of "compliance"

question

"sacrifice a cow"

answer

to welcome Lia's soul

question

Other ways the family spends money on Lia's therapies

answer

amulets, cupping, coining, changing her name, visit a txiv neeb in Minnesota

question

The Big One (Spirit catches you) was caused by:

answer

a fever

question

Arthur Kleinman

answer

Medical anthropologist at Harvard. A leading figure/founder of this subfield -he is a MD and anthropologist of China -has done extensive research on "the illness experience"- how patients (and their families) understand illness -famous for his "explanatory model" and 8 questions to understand cross-cultural experience of illness

question

Epilepsy in China

answer

rethinking non-compliance

question

findings in rural northwest China about epilepsy

answer

-negative attitudes (more than 1/2 of patients surveyed don't want their children associated with persons with epilepsy) -treatments cost about 25% of monthly family income -explanations: anger, fright, possession, head injury, overwork, heredity, genomancy, poverty, etc. -tendency to consult traditional Chinese medicine healers

question

epidemiology of epilepsy

answer

-2/3 of patients will become seizure free for 5 years or more -if seizures are not controlled in the first year, only 60% can enter remission. If uncontrolled after 4 years, only 10% can enter remission

question

compliance in China

answer

more than 25% admitted to stopping medical treatments

question

in China, suffering is:

answer

a family experience, goes beyond the individual

question

example of knowledge and belief from The Spirit Catches You

answer

biomedicine vs. Hmong beliefs in spirits and herbalism

question

example of knowledge and belief from our society

answer

evolution vs. creationism

question

Can we follow Malinowski when examining the Hmong medical beliefs?

answer

-Anne Fadiman struggles with this issue -What is truth? -Anthropologists argue that no knowledge is beyond the realm of culture -one approach to the truth claims of non-western systems of knowledge

question

Hmong/Nao Kao and Foua perspective

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"a little medicine and a little neeb" -doctors can treat the body and blood; shamanic ritual is also needed to treat the soul -too much medicine can impair the neeb's effect -parents sacrifice a cow; cupping, scraping, amulets, name-change, txiv neeb

question

Montagnards

answer

a history of flight to avoid assimilation (to Chinese civilization)

question

Kleinman's suggestion

answer

-get rid of compliance -adopt a model of medication -understand the culture of medicine

question

When did Lia die?

answer

in 2012 at age 30

question

Why did Europeans colonize Africa?

answer

1. demand for raw materials 2. need for markets 3. the 3 "C's": commerce, christianity, civilization

question

percentage of Africans who identified themselves as Christian at beginning of colonial era vs. today

answer

less than 5% vs. nearly 50%

question

Colonial rule provided an environment in which:

answer

Christianity, in many forms, spread in many parts of Africa

question

critics of neocolonialism contend that:

answer

private, foreign business companies continue to exploit the resources of post-colonial peoples and that this economic control inherit to neocolonialism is akin to the classical, European colonialism practiced from the 16th to 20th centuries

question

disciplining a work force

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-through attire -computer surveillance -peer pressure -individual expression (through appearance, "getting out")

question

consent to corporate discipline reveals:

answer

complex and contradictory attitudes

question

generally, cross-cultural interaction is thought of as:

answer

beneficial and progress and economic development is thought of as only positive

question

consequences of progress and economic development for tribal peoples:

answer

-diseases like diabetes, obesity, hypertension, circulatory problems, bacterial and viral diseases, diseases of poverty -hazards of dietary change include worsening teeth, malnutrition, etc. -ecocide due to new technology, increased consumption, lowered mortality, eradication of traditional controls- environmental degradation

question

some responses to cultural change

answer

1. adoption 2. resistance 3. bricolage and indigenization

question

adoption as a response to cultural change

answer

adopt the outsiders' culture, practices, and ideas as your own -popular among elites, the young, the ambitious

question

resistance as a response to cultural change

answer

reject (overtly or covertly) outsiders' culture in favor of maintaining your own -large-scale, such as millitant movements in many parts of the world reject western globalization

question

bricolage and indigenization as a response to cultural change

answer

take pieces of the outsiders' culture and integrate them into your own way of life

question

bricolage (Claude Levi-Strauss)

answer

to do it yourself, patch something up, tinker, to take bits and pieces from here and there and put them together into something that works

question

indigenize

answer

to transform things to fit the local culture

question

Do Muslim women need saving? (reading)

answer

-only if we forget about the complexity -the problem of "reduction" or "simplification" -the cultural framing of the war in Afghanistan (taliban-terrorism-women-burquas) avoids other questions of politics and history

question

the history of "colonial feminism"

answer

the British in Egypt, the French in Algeria- "womens oppression" was frequently used to justify European colonial expansion

question

How women veil is a ____ issue

answer

class; burqas for "good" women who can stay home, chadors for elite, educated women

question

us vs. them ("the other")

answer

-reductionist thinking leads to imagine divisions between "us" and "them" -this is the basis of ethnocentrism, racism, sexism, classism, and other forms of hate -anthropologists represent cultural difference but also insist on our shared humanity

question

the problem of "cultural framing"

answer

us vs. them

question

neocolonialism

answer

-a policy whereby a major power uses economic and political means to perpetuate or extend its influence over underdeveloped nations/areas -term used by late 20th century critics of developed countries involvement in the developing world

question

critics of neocolonialism argue that:

answer

existing or past international economic arrangements created by former colonial powers were used to maintain control of their former colonies and dependencies after the colonial independence movements of the post WW2 period

question

the term neocolonialism can combine a critique of:

answer

current actual colonialism and modern capitalist businesses involvement in nations which were former colonies

question

postcolonial view of the contemporary world

answer

the colonial period is over and we live in a new era but we are haunted by the old dynamics of culture and power

question

neocolonial view of the contemporary world

answer

the world continues to be characterized by the same dynamics of culture and power as in the colonial period

question

postcolonialism

answer

set of theories in philosophy, film, political science and literature that deal with the cultural legacy of colonial rule

question

globalization

answer

-generally refers to a greater interconnectedness of the world through new info, communication and travel technologies but beyond that, has many different meanings -sometimes used to talk about an exciting era, sometimes a frightening era

question

how does globalization relate to the idea of neocolonialism?

answer

-the idea is that the world gets more interconnected -connections and forms of power become more diverse and sometimes harder to see but they're really playing out the same pattern of control and exploitation of poorer countries by richer ones that characterized the colonial era

question

settler colonies

answer

-colonial power sought to establish a new homeland for some of its members -a significant # of members of the colonizing society would move into the colony, displacing native people and using them for labor

question

extractive colonies

answer

-primary intent of the colonizing power was to extract resources (mineral wealth or agricultural products) from the colonized territory -these were relatively few members of the colonizing society present in the colony in these situations

question

White Man's Burden

answer

When not sheer exploitation, the benevolent aspect of colonialism can be found in this 1. obligation of whites to civilize others by getting them to adopt western culture 2. philanthropic duty to help others whether poor, want it 3. he was being ironic about imperialism and its ultimate failings and transitory nature

question

intersectionality

answer

examining how cultural categories like race, class, sexuality and gender interact on multiple levels to manifest themselves as inequality in society

question

cultural (symbolic) capital (Pierre Bourdieu)

answer

Includes knowledge, judgements and other socially valued characteristics that: 1. require economic capital or pre-existing social privilege to acquire 2. can be reconverted into economic capital

question

AAA official statement on race (1997)

answer

-human pops are not clearly demarcated, biologically distinct groups -concept of "race" has no validity as a biological category -because it homogenizes widely varying individuals into limited categories, it impedes research and understanding of true biological variations

question

Baka men

answer

-hunt and trap using poisoned arrows and spears -gather honey from hives in trees -fish using plant-based, non-toxic chemicals

question

Baka women

answer

-engage in dam fishing -gather wild fruits and nuts -practice beekeeping

question

doctors perspective- racism? classism? (the spirit catches you)

answer

-"high velocity transcotical lead therapy" -upset about traditional treatments- cupping and scraping -"they don't have a word for pancreas. They don't have an idea for pancreas" -"Hmong with total body pain" -Lack of trust of doctors- ectopic pregnancy, breech birth -"they breed like flies" -Hmong patients only like Dr. Roger Fife (lesser physician, "he doesn't cut")

question

culture vs. "Culture"

answer

-"Culture" means classical music, ballet, theater, etc. -culture in anthro means how you dress, walk, talk, eat, think, etc.

question

fa'afafine

answer

"to be a woman" (Somoa)- another 3rd gender category -born a man but feel you are a woman, sexually attracted to males, accepted in Somoan society, now a transgender category too

question

sexuality as identity

answer

-modern Western concept (gay, straight) -sexual choices or behaviors have not always been a determinant of one's identity -economic and cultural globalization are both good and bad for spreading the notion of sexuality as identity virtually everywhere

question

bands

answer

small, mobile groups, organized around kinship, relatively egalitarian; any elder can be leader; dependent on reciprocity (hunter-gatherers)

question

tribes

answer

horticulturalists and pastoralists live in these; lineages become more important than individual leaders; foraging may still be practiced

question

structural racism

answer

intersection of historical, cultural and institutional dynamics that routinely disadvantage people of color

question

marked/unmarked categories

answer

originated in feminism as an analysis of "the culture of the powerful" -categories mask the way power operates in a society, makes harder to challenge privilege

question

gender

answer

the cultural rights and tasks assigned to one sex or the other and the cultural system of understanding and institutionalizing similarities and differences in males and females

question

race as cultural construct

answer

race does not exist biologically but it is a powerful social category

question

historical particularism

answer

each society is the outgrowth of its own unique past

question

Boas' challenge to the concept of race

answer

differences within one race exceed the similarities between peoples of different races

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