question

hypodescent

answer

aka "one drop rule"; used for determining race

question

phenotype

answer

The way genes are expressed in a person's physical form as the result of genotype interaction with environmental factors refers to a

question

institutional racism

answer

Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems

question

miscegenation

answer

A historical term meant to belittle and vilify "mixed" marriages

question

racialization

answer

People from the Middle East have been considered "white" in the United States for some time, but since September 11, anyone with brown skin who seems foreign or strange is now considered "different" and possibly an enemy. This is an example of:

question

racialization

answer

To apply stereotypical traits to a group of people based on their "racial" ancestry is called

question

Jim Crow

answer

laws implemented after the US Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery

question

clinal

answer

Despite different societies' efforts to divide people into different biologically discrete groups, genetic evidence shows that human variation is

question

nation

answer

used in the past to describe a group of people but now refers to a country

question

multiculturalism

answer

Some ethnic groups in the United States have adopted certain parts of American culture but still maintain some parts of their distinct ethnic culture. This is referred to as

question

situational negotiation of identity

answer

Since ethnicity is not biologically fixed, self-identification with a particular ethnic group can change through what process?

question

nation-state

answer

Swedish people share a common language, culture, and ideals; therefore, Sweden—the country they live in—illustrates the concept of a

question

situational negotiation of identity

answer

An individual's self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location is known as

question

ethnogenesis

answer

The Tutsi and Hutu originally considered themselves a single group of people differing primarily by occupation; however, the Belgium colonial administration began treating the pastoral Tutsi people as different and superior to the Hutu farmers. Eventually, these two groups of people began to see each other as different as well. This is an example of

question

ethnic boundary markers

answer

Most ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others and identify members of their own group. These are known as

question

multiculturalism

answer

The process though which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture but retain a distinct ethnic culture is referred to as

question

origin myth

answer

The text notes that the stories of the Mayflower, the first Thanksgiving, the Boston Tea Party, the American Revolution, and the settling of the West are retold to emphasize a shared destiny as well as the values of freedom, exploration, and individualism. These illustrate the concept of a(n)

question

gender equality and empower women

answer

Among the eight UN Millennial Goals, one that highlights gender issues specifically is to promote

question

residence

answer

Victims of gender-based violence are most likely to be assaulted in a

question

hijras

answer

Individuals whose culture identifies them as "neither man nor women" in India are called

question

stereotypes

answer

The phrases "boys will be boys" and "it's a girls' thing" reflect gender _________

question

15 percent

answer

On average, human men weigh ________ more than women

question

nannies

answer

According to the text, increased participation in the global economy means that many women who migrate from the global South find work as ________ in industrialized nations.

question

the roles men and women play in a given culture

answer

Cross-cultural studies indicate that biology predicts

question

sex

answer

For anthropologists, ________ refers to the observable physical differences between male and female human beings, especially the biological differences related to human reproduction

question

resisted subordination by speaking out while in a trance state

answer

Through the Zar Cult of Sudan, women

question

sex tourism

answer

Trips organized through the tourism sector to facilitate commercial sexual relationships between tourists and local residents in destinations around the world are called

question

work out unresolved childhood issues

answer

All of the women in Patty Kelly's research in a brothel in Chiapas, Mexico, used the brothel as a way to do all of the following, EXCEPT:

question

recruiting only married men, who were encouraged to travel with their wives and children in tow

answer

Colonial corporations such as the Dutch East India Company regulated sexual activity and marriage among employees. Their regulations did NOT include

question

France

answer

The text offers examples of sex tourism destinations around the world. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text?

question

falling in love

answer

Physical anthropologist Helen Fisher suggests that neurochemicals guide humans through what?

question

no gene or cluster of genes that determines sexuality

answer

Geneticists have been able to successfully identify:

question

in cultures worldwide, including Western cultures

answer

Contemporary anthropologists study sexuality:

question

asexuality

answer

described as a lack of attraction to others

question

the next generation

answer

Families and kinship networks have the power to provide support and to nurture, as well as to ensure reproduction of what?

question

ambilineal

answer

a descent group that is constructed through the mother's side of the family

question

exogamy

answer

The practice of marriage to an individual outside of a particular group of people

question

cross-cousins

answer

Cousins who are children of a mother's brother or father's sister are considered which type of cousins?

question

patrilineal

answer

Most people in the world practice which type of descent as their primary strategy to track kin group membership?

question

marriage

answer

commonly creates socially recognized relationships that may involve physical and emotional intimacy, sexual pleasure, reproduction and raising of children, mutual support and companionship, and shared legal rights to property and inheritance

question

Bridewealth

answer

________is a gift exchange practice that helps stabilize a marriage by establishing a vested interest for both the groom's and bride's extended families in the success of the marriage.

question

miscegenation

answer

What is a demeaning historical term for interracial marriage?

question

phenotype

answer

A person may inherit a genetic pattern for above-average height, but may only reach average height due to poor nutrition. This is an expression of that person's:

question

white supremacy

answer

The concept that people of European descent are superior to all others is:

question

individual racism

answer

When a person acts on personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminates against someone based on imagined differences between them, this is referred to as:

question

racial ideology

answer

In order to make discriminatory ideas and behavior seem reasonable and normal, societies invoke popular ideas about racial differences that are known as:

question

racial ideology

answer

A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal is referred to as:

question

ethnic and cultural policies imposed by state leaders

answer

According to the text, what ended five hundred years of peace between Bosnian Muslims, Catholic Croats, and Orthodox Christian Serbs in the former Yugoslavia?

question

imagined community

answer

The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet refers to the concept of:

question

origin myth

answer

A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense of identity is called a:

question

ethnicity

answer

A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group is known as a(n):

question

ethnic cleansing

answer

Efforts by representatives of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area are known as:

question

assimilation

answer

When minorities abandon their separate identity and adopt the culture and norms of the dominant group, they are practicing:

question

Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc.

answer

In South Africa, the Bafokeng were able to eventually get much of their land back from the white settlers who had taken it through what means?

question

male infanticide

answer

Gender violence is widely expressed in all of the following ways, EXCEPT:

question

is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat

answer

Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:

question

performance

answer

________ is gender identity displayed through action

question

true

answer

True or False: Human behavior is a combination of "nature" (biology) and "nurture" (acculturation)

question

Genitalia

answer

________ is NOT considered a secondary sexual characteristic

question

women in their thirties

answer

In the United States, ________ are those most subject to nonfatal intimate partner violence

question

"female" eggs aggressively pursue more "passive" male sperm until conception occurs

answer

Emily Martin's analysis of the "fairy tale" of the egg and the sperm as presented in U.S. textbooks does NOT indicate that:

question

women exchanged banana fiber skirts during funerary activities

answer

The restudy of women's role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that:

question

mati

answer

Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women in Paramaribo, Suriname, are called:

question

both for procreation and fun

answer

According to contemporary cultural anthropologists, humans in most cultures engage in sexual activity:

question

dolphins

answer

In addition to humans, which other mammal engages in sexual activity for fun?

question

diversity, flexibility, and fluidity

answer

Scientists have found that human sexuality is marked by

question

religious

answer

The lives of European women living in the colonies weren't restricted in _________ ways

question

race; sexuality

answer

Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of ________ and ________ most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families (2011)

question

Patty Kelly

answer

Anthropologist ________used her research in a Mexican brothel to encourage a rethinking of the U.S. public policy debate over the criminalization of sex work

question

Christian teachings

answer

The Victorian ideal of sexuality was heavily influenced by ________

question

exogamous

answer

Clans that do not permit marriages within the group are considered:

question

incest taboo

answer

considered a general rule that forbids sexual relations with close relatives

question

marriage

answer

builds kinship ties between two people who are not typically immediate biological kin

question

globalization

answer

phenomenon that is currently placing stress on kinship systems worldwide

question

United States

answer

culture that has generally NOT constructed large social networks based on descent and kinship connections

question

clan

answer

A type of descent group that is based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacks genealogical documentation is a

question

Brazil and the DR

answer

Wealth is a factor in determining race in what two countries?

question

races

answer

Many societies in the world divide people into groups based on supposed biological and social/intellectual differences. These groups are called:

question

nativism

answer

The idea that government policies should favor people born in the United States over immigrants such as Mexicans or Canadians (legal or otherwise) is known as:

question

white privilege

answer

The tendency of people of European descent in the United States to favor people like themselves and give them the benefit of any doubt is known as:

question

nativism

answer

People who believe that civic policies should favor native-born people over immigrants espouse the concept of:

question

miscegenation

answer

A marriage between a white person and someone of an "inferior race" was referred to as:

question

nationalism

answer

When an ethnic community combines with a desire to create and maintain an exclusive territory in a location where a common destiny can be lived out, this is called:

question

gays and lesbians

answer

Immigrants from India come from many different areas with different languages and customs, but once they arrive in the United States, these previous distinctions become less important and they all begin the process of becoming Indian American, EXCEPT which group of people?

question

genocide, ethnic cleansing, ethnic conflict, civil war

answer

During the colonial period, colonial powers redrew the political boundaries of much of the world to suit their economic needs and without regard to local ethnic, political, or religious realities. When colonialism ended, these new boundaries became new countries and most had groups claiming multiple ethnicities and identities within these new countries. This has resulted in:

question

assimilation

answer

In the 1920s, Italian immigrants were considered dark, strange, and often subhuman by the "white" majority in the United States, who were then primarily of northern European descent. But today, the descendents of these immigrants are considered ordinary "white" folk. This demonstrates the concept of:

question

ethnicity

answer

A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as a(n):

question

melting pot

answer

What metaphor is used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into U.S. dominant culture?

question

stratification

answer

An uneven distribution of power and access to resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges in which gender shapes who has access to a group's resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges is known as gender:

question

sexual dimorphism

answer

________ is the term anthropologists use to refer to physical differences in primary and secondary sexual characteristics

question

Gender stereotypes

answer

culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between, and proper roles for, men and women

question

engaged anthropology

answer

Ida Susser's approach to research on HIV prevention in South Africa exemplifies:

question

enculturation

answer

The process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural is called:

question

cultural constructions

answer

The learned behaviors perceived as masculine or feminine are called:

question

is a unique status reflecting the intersectionality of race, class, and sexuality

answer

The experience of being a middle-class black lesbian:

question

sexual violence

answer

Violence perpetuated through sexually related physical assaults such as rape is called:

question

to have a vacation

answer

NOT a motivation that cultural anthropologist Denise Brennan lists for young, rural, poor Dominican women to migrate to towns like Sosua

question

"yes means yes"

answer

Students at Antioch College developed a sexual offense policy centered on which of the following guidelines?

question

the debate over U.S. intervention in Syria

answer

Not an example of sexuality in contemporary media and politics

question

a continuum of sexual behavior

answer

Harvard-trained biologist and zoologist Alfred Kinsey's study on human sexuality revealed

question

Kinship

answer

_____________ includes biological descent and marriage alliances, but also practices such as fostering and fictive kin

question

consanguineal

answer

Individuals in descent groups whose primary relationships are determined in the United States via "blood" relations are generally called what?

question

kinship

answer

Discussions regarding same-sex marriage in the United States are a clear example of changing patterns of:

question

companionate

answer

type of marriage is established based on love rather than strict social obligations

question

there were only six different ways of organizing relatives.

answer

By collecting kinship data from cultures worldwide, early anthropologists found that:

question

birth and biology

answer

Similar to membership in a family, citizenship in a nation-state derives mostly from:

question

a Euro-American ideal

answer

The concept of kinship groups based chiefly on biological assumptions and the nuclear family consisting of solely a mother, a father, and their children is:

question

colonialism

answer

A system of economic, military, and political control of one country over another is referred to as:

question

earwax

answer

Geneticists point out that dividing people by skin color is as logical as dividing them by:

question

Jim Crow

answer

Laws in the United States that allowed such things as "white only" swimming pools, restaurants, schools, beaches, and the like, similar to apartheid in South Africa, were known as:

question

race

answer

What is a flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups?

question

ethnic boundary markers

answer

The Indian American community has broken down many old barriers once held in India, but has chosen to deny efforts by the members of the South Asian Lesbian and Gay Alliance (SALGA) to participate in the India Day Parade. This illustrates the concept of:

question

nation-state

answer

When a group of people share a common culture, sense of ancestry, and country, this political entity is called a:

question

melting pot

answer

The tendency of many ethnic groups that join American culture to assimilate has been described as a(n):

question

assimilation

answer

The process by which minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups is known as:

question

bullying of boys whose behavior is seen as not sufficiently masculine, even if the boys are heterosexual

answer

A primary component of the "fag discourse" in US high schools is:

question

hormone therapy, surgery, counseling

answer

Through the 1960s, the American Academy of Pediatrics attempted to manage the condition of children born with genitalia of both sexes through:

question

Gender ideology

answer

culturally based preconceived notions about the attributes of differences between, and proper roles for, men and women

question

Two-Spirits

answer

The preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in Native American cultures is:

question

gender

answer

Anthropologists define ________ as the expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to individuals

question

the Kinsey scale

answer

The scale describing a spectrum of human sexuality with exclusively heterosexual behavior on one end and exclusively homosexual behavior on the other is known as:

question

compatible with marrying women and having families, and as compatible with their Muslim faith

answer

Masu harka and 'yan daudu see homosexual behavior as:

question

a Christian dating forum

answer

a cultural constructionist consider studying when investigating human sexuality

question

This work challenged the assumptions that U.S. attitudes about sexuality were universal traits fixed in human nature

answer

Margaret Mead's work in the islands of the western Pacific contributed to a greater understanding of human sexuality of

question

kinship

answer

the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities

question

linked through affinity and alliance, not through shared biology or common descent.

answer

New kinship groups created through affinal relationships are:

question

bridewealth and dowry

answer

the two primary forms of gift exchange that formalize and legalize marriages, while establishing a relationship tie or alliance between kinship groups

question

monogamy

answer

type of marriage consists of one individual married to one other individual only (most commonly one man married to one woman)

question

between parents and children and siblings

answer

The incest taboo universally prohibits sexual relations:

question

lineages

answer

The two types of descent groups distinguished by anthropologists are clans and:

question

in vitro fertilization

answer

type of assisted reproductive technology involves the implantation of a woman's egg that has been fertilized in a laboratory

question

genotype

answer

What comprises all of the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form?

question

racialization

answer

To categorize, differentiate, and attribute a particular racial character to a person or group of people is referred to as:

question

colonialism

answer

The British Empire's military, economic, and political control over Malaysia was an aspect of British:

question

resisting racism

answer

The experience of the African American community of Corona, New York, who prevented developers from degrading their neighborhoods with an elevated train, is an example of:

question

imagined communities

answer

Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will never meet each other. Therefore, most nations today are:

question

origin myth

answer

According to Aztec tradition, they wandered across what is today Mexico until they came to an island with an eagle standing on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. According to their prophecy, this would be their new home. The Aztecs established their capital city on an island in Lake Texcoco, where tradition said they found the eagle. This demonstrates the concept of a(n):

question

ethnicity

answer

The French have a strong sense of connection to their history, ideals, and culture that binds them together, and this is clearly missing in Iraq. This illustrates the concept of:

question

England

answer

What country only exists during the ninety minutes its team plays a soccer match?

question

ethnic cleansing

answer

As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or killed the Muslim people who they had lived peacefully next door to for more than five hundred years. This illustrates the concept of:

question

female

answer

More than 80 percent of victims of domestic violence in the United States are

question

hair length

answer

Which of the following does not factor into biological differences between men and women?

question

during the evolutionary process, male aggression became imprinted in human DNA

answer

The "man the hunter, woman the gatherer" debate is based on the idea that:

question

intersectionality

answer

The way systems of power interconnect to affect individual lives and group experiences is called:

question

an authentically African lifestyle

answer

Nigerians do not regard homosexuality as:

question

a manly man

answer

Under the rules of machismo, the machista is considered:

question

ethnocartography of human sexuality

answer

Mapping the global scope of diverse human sexual beliefs and behaviors is called the:

question

true

answer

True or false: Mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity

question

cognatic descent groups

answer

Ambilineal descent groups such as Samoans, Maori, and Hawaiians are sometimes referred to as:

question

true

answer

True or false: Kinship is the system that determines who is related to whom in a given society

question

universal across all cultures in the world

answer

The incest taboo—rules that forbid sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents—is:

question

father's

answer

A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?

question

parallel cousins

answer

Cousins who are children of a father's brother or a mother's sister are considered which type of cousin?

question

99.9 percent

answer

All human beings of every "race" share what percentage of their DNA?

question

recover land taken by white settlers

answer

The Bafokeng people of South Africa formed the corporation Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc. to:

question

never

answer

How long has the Iraqi ethnicity existed in the Middle East?

question

imagined community

answer

Despite the often obvious ethnic, socioeconomic, occupational, and religious differences, and the fact that most will never meet each other, most people in the United States see themselves as members of a large community called "Americans," who share common beliefs and traditions. This demonstrates the concept of:

question

either male or female

answer

The United States requires that individuals identify legally as:

question

societal adult gender roles

answer

The behaviors encouraged in sports—where boys are rewarded for competitiveness and girls are encouraged to play quietly—reflect:

question

Boys typically receive more playing time than girls

answer

a way that sports such as T-ball reinforce gender ideals in US children

question

conceptions of machismo and masculinity are variable and shifting

answer

The discussion of machismo in Latin America in the text indicates that:

question

weddings

answer

________ are key cultural institutions through which we learn what it means to be heterosexual

question

the Victorian era

answer

According to the text, the idea that masturbation was a form of self-abuse is most characteristic of which period?

question

homosexuality

answer

Which of the following is defined as "attraction to and sexual relationships with members of the same sex"?

question

must be constantly performed to retain one's social status

answer

In Nicaragua, machismo:

question

reproductive

answer

Artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, surrogacy, and cloning are four forms of which of the following types of technologies?

question

bridewealth

answer

The practice of exchanging a gift from the groom and his family to the bride's family in order to formalize and legalize the marriage is called:

question

descent groups

answer

Early anthropologists considered which of the following groups as key to understanding each culture's economic, political, and religious dynamics?

question

marriage

answer

Humans form kinship groups via affinal relationships, which are most commonly achieved through:

question

cloning

answer

The form of reproductive technology that involves the creation of genetically identical copies of cells or whole organisms is called:

question

hypodescent

answer

What rule assigns the children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group?

question

races

answer

Malaysians divide people into three "biological" groups, Brazilians have more than three hundred, and Americans divide people into three, four, or even five of these groups called:

question

nationalism

answer

The desire of Scots to have their own independent country of Scotland, separate from the United Kingdom, which they are a part of now, illustrates the concept of:

question

genocide

answer

The deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group is known as:

question

mothers and relatives who demanded information about the missing

answer

During the El Salvador civil war (1977-1992), the group Co-Madres emerged as a political force that initially formed as a group of:

question

patriarchal relations in the home were repeated in the workplace

answer

Studies on women's participation in the industrialized labor force indicate that:

question

masculine identity is in flux and negotiable

answer

Matthew Gutmann's research in Mexico indicates that:

question

emotion

answer

Which of the following characteristics is commonly identified as female rather than male behavior in the United States?

question

the student movement at Kent State University (Ohio)

answer

Ida Susser's initial research focused on:

question

local working-class men

answer

Anthropologist Patty Kelly found that men who visited the brothel in Chiapas were mostly:

question

white European men

answer

Sex tourists in the Dominican Republic are typically:

question

Marriage is the legal union between one man and one woman

answer

DOMA, the Defense of Marriage Act, stated that:

question

college campuses

answer

According to the text, where has seen an increase in attention to policies addressing sexual violence?

question

four

answer

Early anthropologists identified how many primary systems used to classify relatives in the parental generation, including the bifurcate merging system?

question

true

answer

True or false: Despite the current high rate of divorce in the United States, marriages in earlier generations did not last any longer than those today.

question

kinship and family

answer

Nation-states draw heavily on ideas of which of the following in order to create a sense of connection among very different people found within their national borders?

question

descent

answer

One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical:

question

white privilege

answer

In many countries, members of the dominant ethnic or racial group tend to favor other members of their own group, give them the benefit of any doubt, and take what other members say more seriously. Minorities are often discounted as less important or even hostile for insisting on being treated fairly. In the United States, this is called:

question

colonialism

answer

The British Empire's military, economic, and political control over Malaysia was an aspect of British:

question

nationalism

answer

When an ethnic community combines with a desire to create and maintain an exclusive territory in a location where a common destiny can be lived out, this is called:

question

situational negotiation of identity

answer

Carlos Murphy is from an Irish Mexican family, and he rides with pride on the Sons of Erin float in the St. Patrick's Day parade and drinks margaritas with his Mexican relatives the next day. This demonstrates the concept of:

question

ethnogenesis

answer

Argentina used soccer, polo, and the tango to unite different groups of immigrants into a new group of people who identified with each other rather than their old homelands. This demonstrates the concept of:

question

girls can increase their status by performing masculine behavior

answer

By studying the "fag discourse" in US schools, anthropologists have learned that:

question

matrilineal

answer

Which of the following is a descent group that is constructed through the mother's side of the family?

question

outside of the household, including ways they think about gender roles, the division of labor, religious practices, warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism.

answer

Enculturation that takes place within a family shapes individuals' lives:

question

provides further evidence that kinship is constructed rather than biologically inherited.

answer

The process of adoption:

question

eugenics

answer

A questionable science that claims to be improving the human race by advocating in favor of certain races and unequal treatment for others is:

question

individual racism

answer

A person who believes that Italians are somehow "inferior" and therefore refuses to give an Italian person a job is demonstrating:

question

less than 2 percent

answer

Medical data indicate that ________ of individuals are born without the biological traits that make them easily classified biologically as male or female.

question

older men and young men

answer

Initiation ceremonies among the Sambia of Papua New Guinea involve the transfer of semen between

question

transgender

answer

People whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth may identify as:

question

constructs

answer

Changing patterns over time demonstrate that marriage, family, and kinship are cultural:

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