question

________ is an example of motor learning.

answer

Learning to swing a golf club

question

An example of relational learning is

answer

forming a mental map of a room based on your experience in the room.

question

Your ability to recognize a series of photos that you looked at a month ago is an example of

answer

perceptual learning

question

The pyramidal cells of hippocampal field CA1 are unique in that

answer

axon firing results in action potentials along the dendrites.

question

The NMDA receptor is unusual in that it is ________-dependent and ________- dependent.

answer

voltage; neurotransmitter

question

The NMDA receptor controls ________ and is normally blocked by ________.

answer

a calcium channel; magnesium ions

question

Instrumental conditioning involves strengthening connections between

answer

circuits that detect a stimulus and motor control circuits that produce a response.

question

Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen in rats would be expected to

answer

impair instrumental conditioning.

question

The ________ pathway connects the ventral tegmental area with the nucleus accumbens.

answer

mesolimbic

question

Procedural memory does not rely on the _______ and ________ memory system in the same way as ________ memory.

answer

hippocampus; medial temporal lobe; declarative

question

H.M. could learn parts of new motor skills.

answer

True

question

Which is true of anterograde amnesia?

answer

Both A and C.

question

Simple perceptual learning involves

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the recognition of particular stimuli or categories of stimuli.

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can disrupt neural circuits in awake humans. Thenotion that short-term memory (STM) for a visual stimulus involves continued activation ofthe appropriate visual association cortex is supported by studies in which

answer

TMS applied to the ventral stream disrupted STM for a visual pattern.

question

Inactivating ______ in the amygdala would be likely to _______ fear memory in rats.

answer

PKMzeta; impair

question

An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate. What is the unconditioned response?

answer

accelerated heart rate

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

answer

Tom studied hard for his physiological psychology exam. He can now draw a detailed diagram of a neuron.

question

Memory for skills and habits are not formed in the hippocampus.

answer

True

question

Which of the following is not a common feature of semantic and episodic memory?

answer

Behavioral expression of what is retrieved is obligatory.

question

Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory?

answer

Storage of information is highly sensitive to context.

question

Which of the following is true of learning?

answer

Learning involves the modification of the nervous system by experiences.

question

The key function of instrumental conditioning is to allow the organism to

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adjust behavior according to its consequences.

question

Which of the following is true of learning and memory?

answer

The capacity to learn allows an organism to profit from experience.

question

Stimulus-response learning involves the ability to

answer

exhibit a specific behavior in the presence of a specific stimulus.

question

Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)?

answer

LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron.

question

The formation of long-term potentiation requires the production of the protein

answer

PKN-zeta.

question

The perforant pathway

answer

interconnects the entorhinal cortex with the granule cells of the dentate gyrus.

question

Inactivation of type II calcium calmodulin kinase would be expected to

answer

block the formation of long-term potentiation.

question

________ is a strong candidate to act as a retrograde messenger from the dendrite to the terminal button.

answer

Nitric oxide

question

Which of the following is important for the acquisition of complex behaviors that become routine?

answer

As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the basal ganglia.

question

Damage to the ________ would be expected to impair instrumental learning in rats.

answer

basal ganglia

question

A person with retrograde amnesia can recall what they had for breakfast today.

answer

True

question

The major finding of the study by Standing (1973), in which subjects were shown 10,000slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that

answer

people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks.

question

The ________ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

One of Toms friends has a night of boozing on many Vodka screwdrivers, and eating much pizza and salad with bacon bits. After becoming sick, she refuses to eat bacon bits. This is an example of which type of memory?

answer

classical conditioning

question

Which is true of the Morris Water Maze?

answer

B. Conceptually, the task derives from place cells. C. It is often used as a general assay of cognitive function.

question

________ are neurons in the ______ that exhibit a high rate of firing whenever an animal is in a specific location in an environment corresponding to the cell's "place field".

answer

none of the above (place cells; hypothalamus)

question

"Paris is the capital of France" is an example of:

answer

semantic memory.

question

Declarative memory is _______ and nondeclarative memory is _________.

answer

"knowing what" ; "knowing how"

question

Which is true of anterograde amnesia?

answer

A. Patients with anterograde amnesia quite often show normal memory for events prior to the incident responsible for the memory deficit. B. Patients with anterograde amnesia have severely impaired ability to recall information about events occurring after the incident.

question

To send information to the nucleus accumbens, the _________ uses _________.

answer

ventral tegmental area; dopamine

question

Which statement is false?

answer

The primary contrast between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memories are memories which can be implicitly described and stated, while semantic memory is concerned with concepts and ideas.

question

Which statement is false about semantic dementia?

answer

Although patients can no longer speak fluently, they remember the words and the meaning of words.

question

You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example,the unconditional response is

answer

feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news.

question

Which of the following is true of motor learning?

answer

Motor learning involves changes in the motor pathways.

question

Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynaptic dendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________.

answer

nitric oxide; glutamate

question

Which factor below normally prevents the calcium channel of the NMDA receptor from opening in response to only glutamate?

answer

The channel is blocked by Mg2+ ions.

question

An example of a natural reinforcer is

answer

food for a hungry rat.

question

James Olds and Peter Milner reported that electrical stimulation of rat brain

answer

could have reinforcing effects.

question

Which is true of anterograde amnesia?

answer

A. They may not recognize people they met just moment's before. C. It results from a failure of memory encoding and storage.

question

CER is blocked by AP5 (_______) in the __________.

answer

NMDA antagonist; amygdala

question

A stimulus that predicts an ______ outcome will change neural transmission in the ______ to produce the somatic, autonomic and endocrine signs of _______, as well as increased attention to that stimulus.

answer

aversive; amydala; fear

question

Which of the following is not a unique feature of episodic memory?

answer

Storage of information is highly sensitive to context.

question

The________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at thesame time that the postsynaptic neuron fires.

answer

Hebb rule

question

Relational learning involves changes in

answer

connections between different regions of sensory association cortex.

question

Persistence of long-term potentiation for more than an hour requires

answer

increased protein synthesis within the postsynaptic dendrite.

question

Associative long-term potentiation reflects increased ________ produced by changes in ____ ____.

answer

calcium entry; NMDA receptors

question

In a typical long-term potentiation (LTP) study, a stimulating electrode is inserted into theperforant path, while a recording electrode is inserted into the dentate gyrus. LTP isproduced in this preparation by delivering a(n) ________ via the stimulating electrode.

answer

burst of 100 electrical pulses in a few seconds

question

Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of ________ to the _______.

answer

AMPA receptors; tip of dendritic spines

question

Studies by Schultz and colleagues suggest that release of dopamine within the nucleus accumbens

answer

does not occur for an expected reinforcing stimulus (fruit juice).

question

Which of the following is an outcome related to the discovery by Olds and Milner of "pleasure centers" in the brain?

answer

Drugs of abuse appear to act via the same circuits discovered by Olds and Milner.

question

The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the ________ and carries information relating to ________.

answer

inferior temporal cortex; object recognition

question

__________ cortex neurons play a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.

answer

Prefrontal

question

________ is a type of _______ memory.

answer

associative learning; nondeclarative

question

Korsakoff's Syndrome causes deficits in _______ memory in most patients, but keeps ______ functioning intact.

answer

Sorry, we couldn't play that audio. Try checking your language settings or send us some feedback if this happens frequently.

question

Individuals who survive an hypoxic (hypoxia) episode often sustain damage to the ________ and __________.

answer

hippocampus; anterograde amnesia

question

The right hippocampal formation is activated by

answer

spatial information

question

Memory for skills and habits are not formed in the hippocampus.

answer

True; Hippocampal damage produced by anoxia releases glutamate, which in turn activates NMDA

question

Declarative memory is synonymous for __________.

answer

explicit memory

question

Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynapticdendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________.

answer

nitric oxide; glutamate

question

The dorsal stream of the visual cortex continues into the ___________ and carries information relating to _______________.

answer

posterior parietal cortex, object location

question

Research by Owen (1992) and Koroshetz (1993) demonstrate the importance of the basal ganglia in the learning of automatic responses. The subjects were patients with _______ and ________, both of which are degenerative diseases of the basal ganglia.

answer

Parkinson's; Huntington's

question

Models such as the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia and the eyeblink reflex in the rabbit have been used to study

answer

classical conditioning.

question

___________ memories can be acquired gradually, whereas ___________ memories must be learned all at once.

answer

Semantic, episodic

question

Learning to recognize faces, melodies, and pictures are all examples of _________.

answer

non declarative memory tasks

question

There is considerable evidence that when learned behaviors become automatic and routine, they are transferred to the ______.

answer

basal ganglia

question

The Morris water maze requires which of the following types of learning?

answer

relational

question

Semantic dementia is caused by degeneration of the neocortex of the _______.

answer

anterolateral temporal lobe

question

Which of the following is not part of the limbic cortex of the medial temporal lobe?

answer

amygdala

question

An action potential that occurs in some type of pyramidal cells, and plays a role in learning, is called a

answer

dendritic spike

question

To successfully retain information in short term memory, two processes are required. The first is to filter out irrelevent information, involving the __________, and the second is to maintain relevant information, involving the ________.

answer

basal ganglia; right prefrontal cortex

question

Research has shown that memories older than approximately ____ years are relatively intact in people with __________ amnesia.

answer

fifteen, retrograde

question

Damage to the hippocampus or to regions of the brain that supply its inputs and receive its outputs, causes ________ amnesia.

answer

anterograde

question

The memory loss experienced by the famous case of H.M. was the result of surgery for his ______.

answer

epilepsy speech disorder brain tumor

question

The research by Knecht in 2004 demonstrated that __________ is an essential part of long-lasting, long-term potentiation.

answer

dopamine (specifically L-DOPA)

question

Eyewitness accounts of crimes have sometimes been found to vary after more is learned about an incident. What mechanism is most likely responsible for this phenomenon?

answer

Reconsolidation

question

Why is it important for neuron stimulation to be rapid for LTP to occur?

answer

Rapid stimulation depolarizes the dendritic spine of the postsynaptic neuron, allowing for strengthening of weak synapses.

question

What mechanisms are involved in long-term potentiation (LTP)?

answer

Opening of NMDA channels, post-synaptic depolarization, rise in post-synaptic calcium concentration

question

What enables structural or biochemical changes at synapses?

answer

Synaptic plasticity Synaptic plasticity enables structural and biochemical changes at synapses.

question

What process may be at the root of a successful classical conditioning experiment?

answer

Associative long-term potentiation Associative LTP is the increase of a weak synapse due to association with a strong synapse. Thus, an unrelated, neutral stimulus can come to trigger a specific response.

question

Providing a drink of water to a thirsty animal is an example of ___________ conditioning

answer

instrumental

question

Neural circuits that contain memories are established by strengthening some synapses and weakening others; the low-frequency stimulation of synaptic inputs to a cell can __________ their strength in a phenomenon known as ________________.

answer

decrease, long-term depression

question

Recognizing people by the shape of their faces and recognizing objects by how they feel or smell are examples of

answer

Perceptual learning

question

When a rat encounters a painful stimulus, somatosensory input activates strong synapses in the

answer

lateral nucleus

question

Functional-imaging studies have shown that specific types of short-term visual memories involve activity of specific regions of the

answer

visual association cortex.

question

This might explain how neurons are changed by experience in a way that would cause changes in behavior.

answer

Hebb rule

question

In the visual cortex, the ________ stream is involved with object recognition, whereas the ________ stream is involved with perception of the location of objects.

answer

ventral, dorsal

question

Memories can be altered or connected to newer memories through a process known as ________.

answer

reconsolidation

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic forms of learning?

answer

emotional learning

question

An increase in the magnitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials in postsynaptic neurons over the long term is known as

answer

long-term potentiation

question

The ____________ is part of an important system involved in classically conditioned emotional responses.

answer

amygdala

question

__________ is/are involved in the acquisition of episodic memories and complex behaviors that involve deliberation or instruction.

answer

Transcortical connections

question

The acquisition of specific behaviors and skills is the most important form of __________ memory.

answer

implicit

question

______________ refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behavior.

answer

Learning

question

A ___________ excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is an intracellular measurement of the EPSPs produced by the synapse of the perforant path axons with the dentate granule cells.

answer

population

question

Damage to the basal ganglia or infusion of a drug that blocks NMDA receptors there can disrupt

answer

instrumental conditioning

question

An increased number of ______ receptors in the postsynaptic membrane strengthens the synapse.

answer

AMPA

question

Learning to recognize music, learning sequences, and classical conditioning are examples of ____________ memory tasks.

answer

nondeclarative

question

This type of learning involves learning about relationships among many stimuli.

answer

Spatial learning

question

People with anterograde amnesia

answer

show impairment of complex relational learning.

question

_______________ receptors are glutamate receptors found in the hippocampal formation that control calcium ion channels.

answer

NMDA

question

Classical conditioning occurs when __________ stimuli and responses are transformed into ____________ stimuli and responses.

answer

unconditional, conditional

question

_____________ strengthening occurs when synapses are active while the membrane of the postsynaptic cell is depolarized.

answer

Synaptic

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