question

True or False? Classical ethologists proposed that most animal behavior was instinctive.

answer

True

question

The survival value of certain types of behavior is often referred to as its a. function. b. biology. c. Instinct. d. condition.

answer

a.

question

Who is considered the foremost expert on the mechanism of operant conditioning?

answer

B. F. Skinner

question

Please briefly describe Pavlov's famous experiment in classical conditioning.

answer

Pavlov discovered that dogs automatically began to salivate at the sight of food. If he always rang a bell when he offered food, the dogs began slowly to associate this unrelated stimulus with food. In time, the sound of the bell alone would cause the dogs to salivate. Pavlov thereby concluded that the dogs had actually learned to associate an unrelated stimulus with food.

question

True or False? Behaviorism emphasizes the importance of genetics in shaping behavior.

answer

False

question

The first age period for a puppy to learn fear that will affect it for the rest of its life is a. 2 to 4 weeks. b. 4 to 6 weeks. c. 6 to 8 weeks. d. 8 to 10 weeks

answer

d

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The best techniques for housebreaking involve use of a. negative reinforcement. b. punishment. c. positive reinforcement. d. experimental learning

answer

c

question

The critical socialization period for felines occurs between a. 2 and 8 weeks of age. b. 6 and 14 weeks of age. c. 4 and 12 weeks of age. d. 4 and 14 weeks of age.

answer

a

question

Multiple-cat households should have a. fewer litter boxes than cats. b. at least as many litter boxes as cats. c. twice the number of litter boxes as cats. d. three times the number of litter boxes as cats

answer

b

question

Puppies and kittens learn to interact with their own species during a. the first two weeks of life. b. puberty. c. the period after puberty. d. the critical period.

answer

d

question

Inherited or genetically coded responses to environmental stimuli are also called a. imprints. b. instincts. c. functions. d. experiential learning.

answer

b

question

For positive reinforcement to be effective, the pleasant event must occur within _______ seconds of the behavior. a. 20 b. 60 c. 90 d. 180

answer

a

question

Aggression that an animal learns to avoid an uncomfortable stimulus is called _______ aggression. a. territorial b. pain-induced c. conflict-related d. fear-induced

answer

c

question

A dog that exhibits destructive behavior only when the owners are away is most likely suffering from a. separation anxiety. b. spiteful behavior. c. fear-induced aggression. d. territorial aggression.

answer

a

question

An animal that doesn't give a warning or threat prior to biting is most likely exhibiting a. conflict-related aggression. b. maternal aggression. c. predatory aggression. d. fear-induced aggression.

answer

c

question

Initial behavior modification sessions should last no more than _______ minutes a. 5 b. 10 c. 30 d. 60

answer

a

question

True or False? The goal of reprimanding a pet is to associate a behavior with danger or disorientation.

answer

True

question

The behavior modification technique that involves elimination of a problem behavior by completely removing the reinforcement for the behavior is a. habituation. b. extinction. c. reprimand. d. aversion.

answer

b

question

Long-term pharmaceutical approaches to problem behavior usually involve administration of a. anesthetics. b. hormones. c. tranquilizers. d. sedatives.

answer

b

question

One of the best ways to correct a biting habit in birds is to use a a. correction. b. cage cover. c. loud reprimand. d. wobble.

answer

d

question

behavior modification programs

answer

Training courses that use rewards and reprimands to stimulate changes in behavior.

question

behaviorism

answer

The ethological approach that states behavior is learned rather than genetically programmed.

question

breaking litter box training

answer

When a cat urinates or defecates someplace other than its litter box.

question

classical conditioning

answer

The type of conditioned learning that associates stimuli occurring at approximately the same time or in roughly the same area.

question

classical ethology

answer

The ethological approach asserting that much of what animals know is instinctive or innate.

question

conditioned stimulus

answer

Sensory input unrelated to a simple reflex behavior.

question

dance

answer

A complex pattern of movements performed by a bee that directs other bees to a food source.

question

ethology

answer

The study of animal behavior.

question

evolution

answer

The scientific theory that characterizes all related organisms as descended from common ancestors.

question

fixed action patterns

answer

A term used by early ethologists to describe stereotypical or predictable behaviors of a species.

question

function

answer

In ethological terms, survival value.

question

habituation

answer

The process of learning that certain objects and events have little bearing on survival and can thus be ignored.

question

house soiling

answer

Urinating or defecating inside the home.

question

imprinting

answer

The acquisition in the very young of certain fixed action patterns.

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innate

answer

Instinctive.

question

instinct

answer

A complex of unlearned responses characteristic of a species.

question

instrumental learning

answer

Learning by trial and error.

question

natural selection

answer

The process that awards survival and reproductive success to individuals and groups best adjusted to their environment.

question

naturalists

answer

Natural scientists.

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nature-nurture controversy

answer

The crux of two opposing schools: classical ethology, which views animal behavior as primarily instinctive, and animal psychology, which views animal behavior as primarily learned.

question

operant conditioning

answer

The type of conditioned learning that associates a certain activity, known as the operant, with punishment or reward.

question

operant

answer

Functioning or tending to produce effects.

question

postparturition

answer

After giving birth to offspring

question

recognition of individuals

answer

The process that allows animals to distinguish their place in a social context broader than their relationship with primary caregivers.

question

sensitive period

answer

A specific stage early in an animal's life when imprinting occurs.

question

social behavior

answer

The ways individual members of the same species interact with one another

question

socialization

answer

The process of adapting to contact with others.

question

sociobiology

answer

The study of the biological bases of social behavior.

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spraying

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Staining vertical surfaces with a strong-smelling urine.

question

stimulus-response theory

answer

The psychological school of thought stating that all complex forms of behavior, including emotions, thoughts, and habits, are complex muscular and glandular responses that can be observed and measured.

question

territorial

answer

Prone to defining and defending areas of sleep, eating, exercise, and play.

question

unconditioned response

answer

A simple reflex behavior.

question

unconditioned stimulus

answer

Sensory input that produces a simple reflex behavior.

question

wobble

answer

A training maneuver designed to disorient a bird by abruptly dropping the hand it's perched upon.

question

The four essential aspects of successful training are A. food, praise, stimulation, and exercise. B. a leash, collar, choke chain, and shake can. C. instinct, conditioning, education, and observation. D. reward, reprimand, trust, and consistency.

answer

d

question

According to Charles Darwin, what biological mechanism allows members of the same species to respond appropriately to various conditions in the natural world? A. Instinct B. Nurture C. Conditioning D. Selective breeding

answer

a

question

The process by which an animal becomes accustomed to its situation is referred to as A. desensitizing. B. nurturing. C. aggression. D. habituation.

answer

d

question

What do we call an immediate pleasant occurrence that follows a behavior? A. Startling B. Habituation C. Negative reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement

answer

d

question

Animal behavior researchers often refer to an activity associated with punishment or reward as a/an A. operant. B. condition. C. stimulus. D. response

answer

a

question

Until approximately what age does the sensitive period last among dogs? A. Two weeks B. Fourteen weeks C. Twenty weeks D. Ten months

answer

b

question

The most commonly reported behavior problem in cats is A. aggression. B. breaking litter box training. C. depression. D. pouncing

answer

b

question

Which of the following theories asserts that all animal activity is learned, rather than genetically programmed? A. Naturalism B. Behaviorism C. Biology D. Socialism

answer

b

question

The most common form of aggression seen in animal hospitals is A. conflict-related. B. maternal. C. fear-induced. D. learned.

answer

c

question

The point of a reprimand is to _______ an animal. A. punish B. frighten C. startle D. irritate

answer

c

question

Upon reaching sexual maturity, male dogs and cats may mark their territory through A. regurgitating. B. spraying. C. neutering. D. biting.

answer

b

question

Which of the following are considered the most effective types of reward? A. Food and praise B. Light and sound C. Noise and water D. Rest and isolation

answer

a

question

We commonly refer to early bonding with an object or animal as A. priming. B. sensitizing. C. imprinting. D. socializing.

answer

c

question

The most effective way to minimize spraying is A. pharmaceutical therapy. B. gonadal hormone therapy. C. neutering. D. aversion therapy

answer

c

question

Automatic, or simple reflex, behavior is commonly referred to as A. a conditioned response. B. operant conditioning. C. spatial motivation. D. an unconditioned response.

answer

d

question

Pharmaceutical therapy for behavior modification can cause A. increased territorial behavior. B. increased blood glucose. C. hyperactivity. D. anorexia.

answer

b

question

Learning through trial and error is often referred to as _______ learning. A. instinctive B. instructive C. inherited D. instrumental

answer

d

question

Early researchers often referred to the predictable behaviors displayed by a particular species as A. fixed action patterns. B. sociobiology habits. C. routine reflex responses. D. random-access patterns.

answer

a

question

The type of behavior modification in which you would gradually expose an animal to something it's afraid of is A. environmental modification. B. desensitization. C. punishment. D. counter conditioning.

answer

b

question

Biologists and veterinary specialists refer to the study of animal behavior as A. ethnology. B. etiology. C. ethology. D. ecology

answer

c

question

The aggression a dog shows when its owner tries to take its food bowl is called _______ aggression. A. fear-induced B. conflict-related C. maternal D. territorial

answer

b

question

In cats, the sensitive socialization period lasts until approximately _______ of age. A. six weeks B. eight weeks C. six months D. eight months

answer

b

question

What behavior modification technique is used to keep an animal away from an object or area? A. Habituation B. Avoidance therapy C. Aversion therapy D. Desensitization

answer

c

question

What must first be done before treating an animal for a behavioral problem? A. Ruling out a medical problem B. Giving the animal a behavioral exam C. Determining the cause D. Changing the environment

answer

a

question

What do we call the act of taking something away to increase a behavior? A. Punishment B. Negative punishment C. Positive reinforcement D. Negative reinforcement

answer

d

question

postparturition

answer

After giving birth to offspring

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