Anatomy Respiratory System
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Functions of Respiratory System
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- Moves air to and from lungs - Exchanges gases between air and blood - Allows smell and sound
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Upper Respiratory System
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- Nose - Nasal cavity - Sinuses - Pharynx
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Lower Respiratory System
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- Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli
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Ribs
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- Protect lungs - Expand for inhalation
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Diaphragm
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Muscle that assists with lung movement
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Bronchi & Bronchioles
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Airways that lead from the trachea to the alveoli
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Alveoli
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- Where gas exchange between air and blood occurs - Elastic in order to allow expansion
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Respiratory Mucosa
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Lines the respiratory tract (warms/humidifies incoming air and protects tract)
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Tracheal Cartilage
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- Protects the airway - Not complete in order to easily change shape for large food going to esophagus
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Gas Exchange at Alveoli
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- Pulmonary vein collects oxygenated blood from alveoli and carries it to the heart - Capillary networks exchange gas between the air in the alveoli and blood
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Tidal Volume (TV)
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Volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort (normal breathing)
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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The additional volume of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort after a normal inspiration (deep breath)
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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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The additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation
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Vital Capacity (VC)
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The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (VC = TV + IRV + ERV)
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Residual Volume (RV)
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The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (lungs can never be completely emptied)
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Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
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TLC = VC + RV
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Minute Ventilation
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The volume of air breathed in one minute (TV * Breaths/Minute)
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PV = nRT
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- Volume and pressure are inversely proportional - Gases move from high to low pressure - Pressure outside > pressure inside
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Shallow Water Blackout
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Because you respond to carbon dioxide in blood and are triggered to breathe. Inhale water.
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The Bends
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- Pressure inside of the body is greater than pressure on the outside of the body - Oxygen and nitrogen push into vessels, tissues, and bones
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Breathing and Blood pH
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Breathing in hydrogen ions increases blood pH (around 7.35)
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Acidosis
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Too many hydrogen ions (too acidic)
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Alkalosis
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Too little hydrogen ions (too basic)
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Buffers with Blood pH
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System that regulates acidity and basicity of blood
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
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- Breath in too much carbon monoxide - Can't see, taste, or smell it - Can be deathly - Cured by breathing more oxygen - Headache, dizziness, nausea
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Asthma
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- Airways narrow and swell - Extra mucus is produced - Causes coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath - Cannot be cured but can be controlled - Shortness of breath, chest tightness or pain, whistling noise during exhales,
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Chronic Bronchitis
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- Inflamed airways in your bronchioles - Less air is able to flow to and from the lungs (hard to breath) - Cough up mucous (damages the cilia) - Fatigued, mucous production, heavy cough
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Emphysema
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- Damages the alveoli in your lungs - Making you short of breath - Alveoli eventually rupture and surface area goes down (less oxygen in the blood) - Cannot inhale oxygen - Caused by smoking and pollution
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Pneumonia
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- Infection that inflames the alveoli that fill up with fluid or puss - Caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi - Fever, sweating, chills, cough with phlegm, chest pain, and difficulty breathing
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Cystic Fibrosis
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- Production of abnormally thick and sticky mucus - Restricts airflow - Cough, loss of breath, lung infections, inflamed respiratory passages
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
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- Unexplained death of a healthy baby (2-3 months) - Unknown cause - More likely in males
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Barotrauma
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- Injury to tissues that are near air-filled parts of your body - Body can't equalize pressure - Volume decreases as pressure increases - Can cause alveoli to burst releasing alveoli
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The Bends (Decompression Sickness)
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- Compressed air contains nitrogen - The nitrogen goes into the body tissues - If the change in pressure is too severe it can cause damage to body tissues
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Nitrogen Narcosis
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- Deep dives - Nitrogen builds up in the brain - Causes confusion and poor decisions
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Oxyhemoglobin Drops off Oxygen (Tissues)
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HbO2 ---> Hb + O2
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Hemoglobin Combines with Hydrogen Ions (Tissues)
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Hb + H ---> HHb
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Carbon Dioxide and Water Combine to Form Carbonic Acid Which Breaks Down into Hydrogen Ions and Bicarbonate Ions (Tissues)
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CO2 + H2O ---> H2CO3 ---> H + HCO3
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Reduced Hemoglobin Drops off the Hydrogen Ion (Lungs)
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HHb ---> Hb + H
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Hydrogen Ion Combines with Bicarbonate Ion forming Carbonic Acid which Breaks Down into Carbon Dioxide and Water (Lungs)
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H + HCO3 ---> H2CO3 ---> CO2 + H2O
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Hemoglobin Joins with Oxygen Forming Deoxyhemoglobin which Travels to the Tissues
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Hb + O2 ---> HbO2
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How does breathing into a paper bag help someone who is extremely anxious and hyperventilating?
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When you hyperventilate you inhale too much oxygen and raise your pH levels. The point of breathing into a bag is to \"re-breathe\" your exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2) in the hopes of bringing your body back to a normal pH level.
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Would breathing pure O2 help the air hunger experienced by athletes who have just completed a race?
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No. Their body is trying to do is compensate for that acidosis by blowing off more CO2, not intake more O2.
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What might happen if you give a person with emphysema high levels of O2?
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Damaged alveoli can only bring in a little O2 at a time and therefore the pressure would be too much for them to handle and they would rupture.
