Anatomy & Physiology (Vet) – Final – Flashcards
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Ribs
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Thoracic Cavity
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In skull.
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Cranial Cavity
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Stomach & stuff.
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Abdominal Cavity
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Lowest cavity on humans.
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Pelvic Cavity
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Form and structure.
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Anatomy
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Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ Systems
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Hierarchy
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What's seen under the microscope
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Microanatomy (Type of anatomy)
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As a whole, not under the microscope.
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Gross Anatomy (Type of anatomy)
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Function
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Physiology
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Skeletal, cardiovascular, nervous, sensory, renal (urinary), muscular, reproductive, digestive, endocrine, respiratory integumentary (skin).
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Types of Systems
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Medial (towards midline) vs Lateral (away from midline); these are reserved for limbs Dorsal (back) vs Ventral (belly/stomach) Cranial (towards head) vs Caudal (towards tail) When referring to the head, rostral (towards nose) replaces cranial. Proximal (towards center) vs Distal (away from the center)
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Directional Terms (Animals)
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Laying down. Laying on right/left ; right/left lateral recumbancy.
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Recumbancy
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Towards the back, caudal
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Posterior
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Frontal/ventral
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Anterior
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Part of the paw that touches the floor (front legs).
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Palmar Surface
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Part of the paw that touches the floor (hind legs).
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Plantar Surface
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When animals lay on the sternum, not completely on the ground.
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Sternal Recumbancy
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Inside of the body.
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Deep
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Outside of the body.
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Superficial
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True; Matter does occupy space and has mass.
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True or False? Matter occupies space and has mass
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False; Matter is all a solid, liquid and a gas.
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True or False? Matter can be a solid or a liquid, but not a gas
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True; Matter is composed of elements.
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True or False? Matter is composed of elements
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False; Elements can't be divided by ordinary processes into some other substance.
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True or False? Elements can be divided by ordinary processes into some other substance
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Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen
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What are the four main elements found in living organisms?
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- Covalent: electrons are shared - Ionic: electrons are transferred - Hydrogen: weak ionic bonds
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What are the three types of bonds and describe what happens to the electrons?
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- Synthesis: x+y = xy - Decomposition: xy = x+y - Exchange: wx+yz = wy+xz
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List the three types of chemical reactions and show a chemical equation for each.
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carbohydrates
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Polysaccharides are an example of...
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lipids
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Steroids are an example of...
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- molecules that contain hydrocarbon and are covalently bonded - examples: lipids, protein, carbs, nucleic acids
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Organic Compounds
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- ionic bonds, don't contain hydrocarbon - examples: water, salt, acids, bases
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Inorganic Compounds
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pH is a measure of acidity. A pH of 1 is typical of an ACID, whereas a pH of 14 is typical of a BASE. Living organisms function at a critical pH of 7.4 which is neutral.
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pH balances
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proteins
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Amino Acids are the building blocks of what organic compound?
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5: Thymine, Dyanine, Guanine, Uracil, Adenine
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How many nucleotides are there?
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RNA and DNA
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What are the 2 classes of nucleic acids important in genetics?
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a double stranded helix
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What is the structure of DNA?
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smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of the element
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Atom
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the number of protons in the atom
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Atomic Number
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Subatomic particle with a negative charge
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Electron
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Subatomic particle with a neutral charge
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Neutron
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Subatomic particle with a positive charge
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Proton
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Composed of neutrons and protons
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Atomic Nucleus
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Atom with a slightly positive/negative
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Ion
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Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
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Isotope
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The smallest unit of a compound that retains the properties of the compound when two or more atoms join together
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Molecule
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Ion with a slightly positive charge
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Cation
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Weak acids/bases that help maintain a neutral pH.
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Buffer
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The energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going
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Activation Energy
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WATER HATER.
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Hydrophobic
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WATER LOVER
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Hydrophilic
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- Lipids - Proteins - Carbohydrates - Nucleic Acids
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Four Organic Molecules
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Water ; salt
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Two Inorganic Molecules
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RNA - Single stranded helix; uracil; transfer into cytoplasm; sends messages to ribosomes Both - Involved with genes; contain Dyanine, Guanine and Adenine DNA - Double stranded helix; Thymine; nucleus contains ALL information; segments are genes
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RNA ; DNA Characteristics/Comparisons
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Fuel necessary to get the body going
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ATP
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Enzyme; helps start chemical reactions that break down food
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Catalyst
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Contains hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails (part of lipid bilayer); protects inside of cells and organelles
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Cell Membrane
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Movement of water through a membrane from area dilute to more concentrated solution
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Osmosis
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Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration
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Diffusion
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Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration using a carrier protein
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Specialized protein receptors bind to ligands to transport
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Endocytosis
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Excretion of waste out of the cell when vesicles fuse with the cell membrane
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Exocytosis
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Cell engulfs liquid substances (cell DRINKING)
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Pinocytosis
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Cell engulfs solid substances (cell EATING)
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Phagocytosis
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Metaphase
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Interphase and PMAT (Mitotic Phase)
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Phases of Mitosis
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Consists of cytosol, cytoskeleton, organelles
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Cytoplasm
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Framework of the cell; Microtubules, Microfilamanes, Fibers
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Cytoskeleton
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Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP
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Mitochondria
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Fixed and free, contain Rrna, site of protein synthesis
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Ribosome
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Has ribosomes attached, involved in protein synthesis, continuous with nucleus
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Rough ER
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Synthesis and storage of lipids
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Smooth ER
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Modifies, packages and distributes protein
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Golgi Apparatus
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vesicle formed by Golgi that contains enzymes; stomach of the cell
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Lysosome
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detoxify the cell, removes free radicals
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Peroxisomes
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stores water for the cell
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Vacuole
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forms spindle fibers in cell division
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Centriole
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"CEO of the cell"; contains genetic information and controls cellular activity through protein synthesis
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Nucleus
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double lipid bilayerthat is continuous with the Endoplasmic Reticulum and contains pores
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Nuclear Membrane
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genetic information
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Chromatin
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within the nucleus, makes ribosomal subunits; Rrna is here
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Nucleoli
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occurs in the Nucleus and uses RNA polymerase to separate the double helix into a single strand; it produces messanger RNA and is considered the synthesis of RNA under the direction of RNA
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Transcription
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occurs in the Cytoplasm and is the actual synthesis of a polypeptide (under the direction of Mrna) and involves messanger rna, ribosomes/ribosomal rna, transfer rna, and genetic coding/codons. transfer rna carries an amino acid on one end and an anticodon on another (every 3 codons make a specific amino acid and 3 base pairs make a codon).
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Translation
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- Epithelial - Connective - Muscular - Nervous
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What are the four primary tissue types?
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- protection of deeper layers - filters biochemical substances
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What are the 2 functions of epithelial tissue?
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a meshwork of fibers that cement the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue ("basal lamina")
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Basement Membrane
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- Cuboidal (square cells) - Columnar (rectangle/column) - Squamous (flat cells)
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What are the three ways epithelial cells are classified?
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fragile and thin, lines the stomach and the aveoli in the lungs
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Simple Squamous
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single layer of cube-shaped cells, occurs by areas where secretion or absorption (such as kidney tubules and salivary glands)
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Simple Cuboidal
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elongated and closely packed together, found in exretory ducts as well as in the digestive tract (in small intestines)
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Simple columnar
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multilayered, occurs in areas of the body subjected to mechanical and chemical stress (surface of the skin, lining of the mouth)
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Stratified squamous
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usually 2 layers of cells, found primarily along large excretory ducts (sweat glands, mammary glands)
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Stratified cuboidal
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function in secretion and exctretion (in the lower epiglottis, pharynx)
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Stratified columnar
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have goblet cells and cilia, in places where mucous is (respiratory tract)
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Pseudostratified columnar
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stratified with a basal layer of cuboidal or columnar cells and a superficial layer of cuboidal or squamous cells, found in areas required to expand and contract (urinary bladder)
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Transitional epithelium
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groups of cells that manufacture and discharge secretion, found in glands
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Glandular epithelium
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moving substances within the body from one point to another
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Secretion
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body fluids exiting the body
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Excretion
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a gland where materials enter the body
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Endocrine gland
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a gland where materials exit the body
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Exocrine gland
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an adult bone cell
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Osteocyte
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a baby bone cell
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Chondroblast
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- nutrition and support - cushion/insulation
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What are 2 functions of connective tissue?
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- extracellular matrix - cells
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What are 2 components of connective tissue?
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- Elastic - Reticular - Collagenous
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What are the three major fibers of connective tissue?
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- specialized - proper
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What categories are connective tissues separated into?
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- Brown fat: good for hibernating, produces heat, usually in babies - White fat: regular/typical fat
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What is the difference between the two types of fats?
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Tendons connect MUSCLE to BONE, whereas ligaments connect BONE to BONE.
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Tendons and Ligaments
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they are avascular, not as much blood is supplied
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Why don't tendons heal?
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- bone - blood
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What are two specialized connective tissues?
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- desmosomes - right junction - gap junction
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What are 3 cellular attachments?
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- cilia - goblet cells
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What are 2 surface specializations?
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Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans, Merkel
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Four Primary Integumentary Cells
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Dermis, Hypodermis, Epidermis
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Three Layers of Integument
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Germinativum, Spinosum, Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum
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Five Layers of Epidermis
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Reticular, Papillary
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Two layers of Dermis
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Planum Nasale, Paw pads, Cutaneous Pouches, Ergots, Chestnuts, Pigmentation
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What are the six special features of the integumentary?
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Parts of a hair
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- anagen - telogen - catagen
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The three growth phase of hair
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- pheomelanin: red and yellow - tyrosine melanin: black and brown
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What are the two types of melanin in dogs?
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Anal sacs, Sweat glands, Sebacious glands, Stud tail
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What are the four types of glands found in the integument?
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True; Cats DO have retractable claws.
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True or False? Cats have retractable claws
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True; Dewclaws ARE remnants of digits.
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True or False? Dewclaws are remnants of digits
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True; Horses DO walk on the 3rd digit.
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True or False? Horses walk on digit 3
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True; Horns DO emerge from processes of the frontal bone.
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True or False? Horns emerge from processes of the frontal bone
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True; Antlers ARE shed one time a year.
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True or False? Antlers are shed one time a year
