Anatomy Final- Chapters 2-3 – Flashcards

Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of ______. A. cholesterol B. glycogen C. glucose D. triglycerides.

Phospholipid is usually ______. A. hydrophilic B. hydrophobic C. neither hyrdrophilic nor hydrophobic D. partially hydrophilic and partially hydrophobic

The speed or rate of a chemical reaction is influenced by all of the following except _____. A. the presence of catalysts or enzymes. B. the temperature C. the presence or absence of carbon. D. the concentration of the reactants.

Salts are always ______. A. ionic compounds B. hydrogen bonded C. double covalent compounds D. single covalent compounds

In general, the category of lipids that we refer to as oils have _____. A. a high degree of saturated bonds B. a high degree of unsaturated bonds C. long fatty acid chains D. a high water content

The numbers listed represent the first, second and third energy levels, respectively. On this basis, which of the following is an unstable or reactive atom? A. 2,8,8 B. 2,8 C. 2,8,1 D. 2

The genetic information is coded in DNA by _____. A. the sequence of the nucleotides B. the regular alteration of sugar and phosphate molecules. C. the arrangement of the histones D. the three-dimensional structure of the double hellix

A solution that has a pH of 2 could best be described as being _____. A. acidic B. slightly acidic C. neutral D. basic

Which of the following is not true of proteins? A. Their function depends on the three-dimensional shape. B. Some types are called enzymes. C. They may be denatured or coagulated by heat or acidity. D. They appear to be the molecular carriers of the coded hereditary information.

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) _____ mRNA codon. A. AUG B. UGA C. UCG D. TCG

The plasma membrane is _____. A. the phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell. B. a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell. C. a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma. D. a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae.

A chain of 25 amino acids would be called a _____. A. nucleic acid B. protein C. nucleotide D. starch

The coiling of the protein backone into an alpha helix is referred to as the _____. A. secondary structure B. primary structure C. tertiary structure D. quaternary structure.

A red blood cell placed in pure water would _____. A. swell and burst B. shrink C. neither shrink nor swell D. swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached.

Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the _____. A. removal of a water molecule between each two units. B. addition of a carbon atom between each two units. C. removal of a nitrogen atom between each two units. D. addition of a water molecule between each two units.

Which structures are finger like projections that greatly increase the absorbing surface of cells? A. cilia B. flagella C. stereocilia D. microvilli

Which statement about enzymes is false? A. Enzymes are organic catalysts. B. Enzymes are composed mostly of protein. C. Enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction. D. Enzymes may be damaged by high temperature.

Cell junctions that promote the coordinated activity of cells by physically binding them together into a cell community include all of the following except _______. A. gap junctions B. peroxisomes C. tight junctions D. desmosomes

Select the correct statement about isotopes. A. All the isotopes of an element are radioactive. B. Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their atomic mass. C. All the isotopes of an element have the same number of neutrons. D. Isotopes are rare and occur only in the heavier elements.

A chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is associated with _____. A. the release of energy. B. the consumption of energy. C. forming a larger molecule. D. a synthesis

Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids. A. RNA is a long, single-stranded molecule made up of the bases A, T, G, and C. B. DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases. C. TDNA is considered a molecular slave of DNA. D. Three forms exist: DNA, RNA, and TDNA.

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA would be _____. A. UGCAA B. TGCAA C. GUACC D. ACGTT

A long chain of simple sugars would be a _____. A. nucleic acid B. monosaccharide C. protein D. polysaccharide

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are _____. A. sodium, potassium, hydrogen, oxygen B. nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, sodium C. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen D. carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, calcium

The formula C6H12O6 means _____. A. there are 6 calcium, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms. B. the substance is a colloid C. the molecular weight is 24 D. there are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms.

Mitochondria _____. A. contain some of the code necessary for their own duplication B. are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP C. synthesize proteins for use outside the cell. D. are always the same shape.

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the "factory" site for protein formation is the _____. A. in both smooth and rough ER B. in the smooth ER. C. in the rough ER. D. in the cytoplasm.

Calcium ions are stored (in the cell) ______. A. in both smooth and rough ER. B. in the smooth ER. C. in the rough ER. D. in the cytoplasm.

Mitosis is _____. A. to create diversity in genetic potential. B. formation of sex cells. C. nucleus replication. D. division of cytoplasm.

Peroxisomes ______. A. sometimes function as secretory vesicles. B. are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action. C. also called microbodies, contain acid hydrolases. D. function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis.

_____ bonds often bind different parts of a molecule into a specific 3-dimensional shape. A. Amino acid B. Oxygen C. Hydrogen D. Carbon

Which of the following would not be a constituent of a plasma membrane? A. messenger RNA B. glycoproteins C. glycolipids. D. phospholipids

DNA replication ______. A. takes place during interphase of the cell cycle. B. is spontaneous, not requiring enzyme action. C. can also be called mitosis. D. occurs only in transitionally active areas.

Some hormones enter cells via ______. A. exocytosis B. receptor-mediated endocytosis C. pinocytosis D. endocytosis

Passive membrane transport processes include _____. A. movement of a substance down its concentration gradient. B. the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration. C. consumption of ATP D. movement of water from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. The structure is _____. A. centriole B. ribosome C. chromosome D. centrosome

The main component of the cytosol is _____. A. water B. salts C. proteins D. sugars.

Which of the following is a concept of the cell theory? A. Simple cells can arise spontaneously from rotting vegetation. B. A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. C. Only higher organisms are composed of cells. D. The subcellular organelle is the basic unit of life.

Hyperplasia means _____. A. Accelerated growth. B. A condition where the cell over produces "cell glue " C. Programmed cell death D. Abnormalities in cell structure.

Cells are composed mainly of _____. A. Calcium, oxygen, sodium, potassium B. Carbon, sodium, nitrogen, calcium C. Carbon, potassium, sodium, nitrogen D. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

The endomembrane system is _____. A. The process by which bacteria took up residence in ancient cells. B. A system of hydrophilic lipid monolayers that surround cell organelles. C. An interactive system of organelles whose membranes are physically or functionally connected. D. A system by which cells are riveted together by desmosomes.

Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? A. All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell. B. Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains. C. The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell. D. Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.

Which statement is the most correct regarding transcription/translation? A. The nucleotide sequence is a mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine. B. The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it except that uracil is substituted for thymine. C. The nucleotide sequence in a tRNA anticodon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it. D. The nucleotide sequence in a mRNA codon is an exact copy of the DNA triplet that coded for it.

A gene can best be defined as _____. A. A three bases triplet that specifies a particular amino acid. B. Noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long. C. A RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide. D. A segment of DNA that encodes for a functional product.

The functions of centrioles include _____. A. Producing ATP. B. Organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division. C. Serving as the the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis. D. Providing a whiplike beating motion to move substance along cell surfaces.

Which of these is an inclusion, not an organelle? A. Lysosome B. Melanin C. Microtubule D. Cilia

Crenation is an example of _____. A. Blood cells in blood plasma. B. Blood cells in a hypotonic solution. C. Blood cells in a hypertonic solution. D. Blood cells in an isotonic solution.

Extracellular matrix is _____. A. A type of impermeable cell junction found in Epithelia. B. Not present in connective tissue. C. Composed of strands of actin protein. D. The most abundant extracellular material.

A bond in which electrons are completely lost or gained by the atoms involved. A. Ionic bond B. Polar covalent bond C. Nonpolar covalent bond D. Hydrogen bond

A bond in which electrons are equally shared. A. Ionic bond B. Polar covalent bond C. Nonpolar covalent bond D. Hydrogen bond

A type of bond important in tying different parts of the same molecule together into a three dimensional structure. A. Ionic bond B. Polar covalent bond C. Nonpolar covalent bond D. Hydrogen bond

A bond in which electrons are shared unequally. A. Ionic bond B. Polar covalent bond C. Nonpolar covalent bond D. Hydrogen bond

Chromosomes decoil to form chromatin. A. Telophase B. Metaphase C. Early prophase D. Late prophase E. Anaphase

Chromosomal centromeres split and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell. A. Telophase B. Metaphase C. Early prophase D. Late prophase E. Anaphase

Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate. A. Telophase B. Metaphase C. Early prophase D. Late prophase E. Anaphase

Chromosomes align on the spindle equator. A. Telophase B. Metaphase C. Early prophase D. Late prophase E. Anaphase

Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell. A. Telophase B. Metaphase C. Early prophase D. Late prophase E. Anaphase

Plays a role in the synthesis of steroid-based hormones and proteins. A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. Ribosomes C. Nucleus D. Nucleoli E. Microtubules

The actual site of protein synthesis. A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. Ribosomes C. Nucleus D. Nucleoli E. Microtubules

Hollow cytoskeletal elements that act as organizers for the cytoskeleton. A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. Ribosomes C. Nucleus D. Nucleoli E. Microtubules

Dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA. A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. Ribosomes C. Nucleus D. Nucleoli E. Microtubules

Houses DNA and RNA. A. Endoplasmic reticulum B. Ribosomes C. Nucleus D. Nucleoli E. Microtubules

Forms part of the protein synthesis site of the cytoplasm. A. ATP B. Transfer RNA C. Synthetase enzymes D. Ribosomal RNA E. Messenger RNA

Act as "interpreter" molecules that recognize specific amino acids and nucleotide base sequences. A. ATP B. Transfer RNA C. Synthetase enzymes D. Ribosomal RNA E. Messenger RNA

Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA. A. ATP B. Transfer RNA C. Synthetase enzymes D. Ribosomal RNA E. Messenger RNA

Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions. A. ATP B. Transfer RNA C. Synthetase enzymes D. Ribosomal RNA E. Messenger RNA

Found in the cytoplasm, this structure specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made. A. ATP B. Transfer RNA C. Synthetase enzymes D. Ribosomal RNA E. Messenger RNA