anatomy chapter 2 basic chemistry

anything that occupies space and has mass

ability to do work

fundamental units of matter

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

building blocks of elements, united by chemical bonds

protons and neutrons in, elcetrons orbit

electrons

equal to number of protons/electrons

sum of the products and neutrons

atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and the same atomic number, but vary in neutrons( different mass)

heavy isotope, tends to be unstable, decompose to more of a stable isotope

process of spontaneous atomic decay

two or more atoms of the same elements combined chemically

two or more atoms of different elements combined chemically

not full and are unstable, tend to lose, gain ,or share electrons

atoms become stable through the transfer of electrons, form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

results from loss or gain of electrons

atoms become stable through shared electrons, shared in pairs, single covalent bonds ahre one pair of electrons and double bonds share two pairs

electrons shared equally between the atoms, neutral

electrons are not shared equally between atoms, ahve positive and negative side

weak chemical bonds, attracted to negative side of polar compound

A+B=AB, put together ,changed, atoms combine

AB = A +B , molecule is broken down

AB+C = AC+B, single replacement

contains carbon, most covalent, carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

alcohol

lack carbon, tend to be simpler compounds, includes water, salts, some acids ,and bases

amino groups / R groups

most abundant inorganic compound in the body, polar

high heat capacity, polarity/ solvent properties( to dissolve polar substances), chemical reactivity, and cushioning

easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water, vital to many body functions, include elctrolytes

release hydrongen ions (H+), are proton donors, HCl is an acid

release hydrocyl ions (OH-), are proton acceptors, NaOH is a base

water, left over salt

chemicals that regulate pH change, HCO-3 ( bicarbonate molecule) is most common

monomers or building blocks are joined to form polymers thorugh removal of water

polymers are broken down into monomers through addition of water molecules

DNA RNA ATP

building blocks of each compound

contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, include sugars and starches, monosaccharides, etc.

monomer for carbs , include glucose, fructose, gulactose

sucrose, maltose, lactose

contain carbon ,hydrogen, and oxygen, carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen, insoluble in water, includes, fats, phospholipids, steriods, oils, waxes

fatty acid

found in fat deposits

contain tw ofatty acids rather than three, form cell membranes

made of cholesterol

half of body’s organic matter, provide construction materials for tissues, act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, built from amino acids

amino acid

organc catalyst

contain an amine group, acid group, vary only by R group

structural proteins, appear in body structures, collegen and keratin, are stable

functionl proteins, anitobides or enzymes, changed so it can never do same job ( denatured)

built from nucleotides, include pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base ( a, ,g ,c ,t), DNA, RNA, ATP

nucleotides

A=T C=G

genetic material in cells,provide instructions for every protein, replicates before cell division

carries out DNA instructions, messenger, transfer, ribosomial

thermal , kinetic, infrared and molecular

in nucleus, +1 charge , 1 amu

in nucleus, 0 charge, 1 amu

orbitals, -1 charge, 0 amu

nerve cells to conduct electricla impluses

oxygen transport in red blood cells

universal eneryg currency of cells