anatomy chapter 2 basic chemistry
matter
anything that occupies space and has mass
energy
ability to do work
elements
fundamental units of matter
What are the four elements that make up 96% of the body?
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
atoms
building blocks of elements, united by chemical bonds
what is in the nucleus? what is orbiting it?
protons and neutrons in, elcetrons orbit
Protons equal…
electrons
atomic number
equal to number of protons/electrons
atomic mass number
sum of the products and neutrons
isotopes
atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and the same atomic number, but vary in neutrons( different mass)
radioisotope
heavy isotope, tends to be unstable, decompose to more of a stable isotope
radioactivity
process of spontaneous atomic decay
molecule
two or more atoms of the same elements combined chemically
compound
two or more atoms of different elements combined chemically
valence shells
not full and are unstable, tend to lose, gain ,or share electrons
ionic bonds
atoms become stable through the transfer of electrons, form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
ions
results from loss or gain of electrons
covalent bonds
atoms become stable through shared electrons, shared in pairs, single covalent bonds ahre one pair of electrons and double bonds share two pairs
nonpolar
electrons shared equally between the atoms, neutral
polar
electrons are not shared equally between atoms, ahve positive and negative side
hydrogen bonds
weak chemical bonds, attracted to negative side of polar compound
synthesis reaction
A+B=AB, put together ,changed, atoms combine
decomposition reaction
AB = A +B , molecule is broken down
excahnge reaction
AB+C = AC+B, single replacement
organic compound
contains carbon, most covalent, carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
OH group attached makes…
alcohol
inorganic compound
lack carbon, tend to be simpler compounds, includes water, salts, some acids ,and bases
20
amino groups / R groups
water
most abundant inorganic compound in the body, polar
vital properties of water
high heat capacity, polarity/ solvent properties( to dissolve polar substances), chemical reactivity, and cushioning
salts
easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water, vital to many body functions, include elctrolytes
acids
release hydrongen ions (H+), are proton donors, HCl is an acid
bases
release hydrocyl ions (OH-), are proton acceptors, NaOH is a base
acid + base =
water, left over salt
buffers
chemicals that regulate pH change, HCO-3 ( bicarbonate molecule) is most common
dehydration synthesis
monomers or building blocks are joined to form polymers thorugh removal of water
hydrolysis
polymers are broken down into monomers through addition of water molecules
nucleic acid
DNA RNA ATP
monomers
building blocks of each compound
carbohydrates
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, include sugars and starches, monosaccharides, etc.
monosaccharides
monomer for carbs , include glucose, fructose, gulactose
disaccharides
sucrose, maltose, lactose
lipids
contain carbon ,hydrogen, and oxygen, carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen, insoluble in water, includes, fats, phospholipids, steriods, oils, waxes
lipid monomer
fatty acid
neutral fats
found in fat deposits
phospholipids
contain tw ofatty acids rather than three, form cell membranes
steriods
made of cholesterol
proteins
half of body’s organic matter, provide construction materials for tissues, act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, built from amino acids
monomer for proteins
amino acid
enzyme
organc catalyst
amino acid structure
contain an amine group, acid group, vary only by R group
fibrous proteins
structural proteins, appear in body structures, collegen and keratin, are stable
globular proteins
functionl proteins, anitobides or enzymes, changed so it can never do same job ( denatured)
nucleic acid
built from nucleotides, include pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base ( a, ,g ,c ,t), DNA, RNA, ATP
monomer for nucleic acid
nucleotides
compliments
A=T C=G
DNA
genetic material in cells,provide instructions for every protein, replicates before cell division
RNA
carries out DNA instructions, messenger, transfer, ribosomial
heat is
thermal , kinetic, infrared and molecular
protons
in nucleus, +1 charge , 1 amu
neutron
in nucleus, 0 charge, 1 amu
electrons
orbitals, -1 charge, 0 amu
Na+ and K+ are needed for…
nerve cells to conduct electricla impluses
iron is nescessary for…
oxygen transport in red blood cells
ATP
universal eneryg currency of cells
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