anatomy chapter 2 basic chemistry – Flashcards
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matter
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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energy
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ability to do work
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elements
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fundamental units of matter
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What are the four elements that make up 96% of the body?
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Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
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atoms
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building blocks of elements, united by chemical bonds
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what is in the nucleus? what is orbiting it?
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protons and neutrons in, elcetrons orbit
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Protons equal...
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electrons
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atomic number
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equal to number of protons/electrons
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atomic mass number
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sum of the products and neutrons
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isotopes
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atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and the same atomic number, but vary in neutrons( different mass)
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radioisotope
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heavy isotope, tends to be unstable, decompose to more of a stable isotope
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radioactivity
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process of spontaneous atomic decay
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molecule
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two or more atoms of the same elements combined chemically
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compound
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two or more atoms of different elements combined chemically
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valence shells
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not full and are unstable, tend to lose, gain ,or share electrons
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ionic bonds
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atoms become stable through the transfer of electrons, form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
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ions
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results from loss or gain of electrons
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covalent bonds
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atoms become stable through shared electrons, shared in pairs, single covalent bonds ahre one pair of electrons and double bonds share two pairs
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nonpolar
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electrons shared equally between the atoms, neutral
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polar
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electrons are not shared equally between atoms, ahve positive and negative side
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hydrogen bonds
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weak chemical bonds, attracted to negative side of polar compound
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synthesis reaction
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A+B=AB, put together ,changed, atoms combine
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decomposition reaction
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AB = A +B , molecule is broken down
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excahnge reaction
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AB+C = AC+B, single replacement
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organic compound
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contains carbon, most covalent, carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
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OH group attached makes...
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alcohol
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inorganic compound
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lack carbon, tend to be simpler compounds, includes water, salts, some acids ,and bases
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20
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amino groups / R groups
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water
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most abundant inorganic compound in the body, polar
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vital properties of water
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high heat capacity, polarity/ solvent properties( to dissolve polar substances), chemical reactivity, and cushioning
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salts
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easily dissociate into ions in the presence of water, vital to many body functions, include elctrolytes
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acids
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release hydrongen ions (H+), are proton donors, HCl is an acid
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bases
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release hydrocyl ions (OH-), are proton acceptors, NaOH is a base
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acid + base =
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water, left over salt
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buffers
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chemicals that regulate pH change, HCO-3 ( bicarbonate molecule) is most common
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dehydration synthesis
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monomers or building blocks are joined to form polymers thorugh removal of water
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hydrolysis
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polymers are broken down into monomers through addition of water molecules
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nucleic acid
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DNA RNA ATP
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monomers
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building blocks of each compound
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carbohydrates
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contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, include sugars and starches, monosaccharides, etc.
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monosaccharides
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monomer for carbs , include glucose, fructose, gulactose
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disaccharides
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sucrose, maltose, lactose
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lipids
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contain carbon ,hydrogen, and oxygen, carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen, insoluble in water, includes, fats, phospholipids, steriods, oils, waxes
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lipid monomer
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fatty acid
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neutral fats
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found in fat deposits
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phospholipids
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contain tw ofatty acids rather than three, form cell membranes
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steriods
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made of cholesterol
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proteins
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half of body's organic matter, provide construction materials for tissues, act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, built from amino acids
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monomer for proteins
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amino acid
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enzyme
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organc catalyst
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amino acid structure
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contain an amine group, acid group, vary only by R group
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fibrous proteins
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structural proteins, appear in body structures, collegen and keratin, are stable
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globular proteins
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functionl proteins, anitobides or enzymes, changed so it can never do same job ( denatured)
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nucleic acid
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built from nucleotides, include pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base ( a, ,g ,c ,t), DNA, RNA, ATP
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monomer for nucleic acid
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nucleotides
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compliments
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A=T C=G
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DNA
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genetic material in cells,provide instructions for every protein, replicates before cell division
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RNA
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carries out DNA instructions, messenger, transfer, ribosomial
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heat is
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thermal , kinetic, infrared and molecular
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protons
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in nucleus, +1 charge , 1 amu
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neutron
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in nucleus, 0 charge, 1 amu
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electrons
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orbitals, -1 charge, 0 amu
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Na+ and K+ are needed for...
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nerve cells to conduct electricla impluses
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iron is nescessary for...
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oxygen transport in red blood cells
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ATP
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universal eneryg currency of cells
