Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam – Flashcards
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Anatomy
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The study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts is called:
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Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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Which of the following is the correct sequence, going from simplest to most complex?
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The lungs are lateral to the heart
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In describing the relationship of the lungs to the heart:
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anterior; posterior
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In anatomical position, the face and palms are on the blank body surface and the buttocks and shoulder blades are on the blank body surface.
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coronal
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A cut made lenghtwise that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior parts is what section?
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superior and inferior
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A transverse plane divides the body into what segments?
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A sagittal section is a cut made along the horizontal plane.
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Which of the following is NOT true of a sagittal place?
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The maintenance of a stable internal enviroment
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Homeostasis is a term that refers to:
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The body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward.
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Anatomical Position is:
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heart, lungs, and stomach
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Which of the following organs are found in the ventral body cavity?
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The patellar region is distal to the femoral region
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In describing the relationship between the patellar region and femoral regions:
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cytoplasm
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The semi-fluid internal medium of a cell that is found between the nucleus and the cell membrane is called:
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It determines which substances enter and leave the cell, serves as a boundary between the cell and its enviroment, and contains receptor sites which determine how the cell interacts with its enviroment. (ALL OF THE CHOICES ARE CORRECT)
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The function of the plasma membrane is:
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Nucleus
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Which structure contains the majority of genetic material within the cell?
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Mitochondrion
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Which of the following is the primary source of ATP production?
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Diffusion
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The process whereby small molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is:
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greater concentration of solute than the cytoplasm
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A hypertonic solution contains:
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Gains water
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A cell in a hypotonic solution:
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A concentration gradient
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Which of the following is required for diffusion to occur?
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Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscle.
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Which of the following are the four primary body tissues?
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connective
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The tissue that generally has good blood supply and an extensive extracellular matrix is:
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giving support, allowing movement and transport of materials.
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Functions of connective tissue include:
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protect, secrete, excrete, and absorb
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Functions of epithelial tissue include:
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recieve and conduct electrochemical impulses.
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The function of nerve tissue is to...
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Simple squamos
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Name the epithelial tissue that is found in the capillaries and alveoli:
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fibrocartilage
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Name the connective tissue that is found in the nose, ear, and intervertebral disks:
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Skeletal muscle
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Muscle tissue that is voluntarily controlled and found attached to bone is:
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hair, nails, skin, sweat and oil glands.
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The integumentary system is a body system composed of:
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Vitamin D activation, protection, thermoregulation
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Which of the following are functions of skin?
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Stratum corneum
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The most superficial stratum of the epidermis is the:
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Oil
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Sebaceous glands secrete:
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axial and appendicular.
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The two divisions of the skeletal system include:
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deliver blood
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
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dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous; small needlelike pieces of bone with lots of open spaces.
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Compact bone is characterized by? whereas spongy bone is characterized by?
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long, short, flat, sesamoid and irregular.
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The classes of bones according to shape include:
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wrist bones- short bones
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Which of the following groups in the human body, categorized according to shape is correct?
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the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.
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The axial skeleton contains:
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osteon; central canal
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One unit of bone is called ? and has a center canal called the ?
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cardiac and smooth mucle
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Muscular tissue that is involuntarily:
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Skeletal muscle ONLY
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The muscle tissue that consists of single, very cyndrical, multinucleate cells with striations are:
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hematopoiesis
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?
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the contractile unit of skeletal muscle
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A sacromere is:
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fascicle, fiber, myofibril, myofilament
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Which of the following groups of terms is placed in order from largest to smallest?
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Actin Filaments
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During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to active sites of:
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A Neurotransmitter
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Acetylcholine is:
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adduction
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The body movement that moves the limb toward the midline is:
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Frontalis
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The muscle that raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead is:
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biceps brachii
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The muscle that flexes the elbow is:
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hamstring group
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The primary muscle of knee flexion is:
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Consists of cell body, dendrites, and axons.
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Which of the following is NOT true about neuroglia cells:
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oligodendrocytes
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Which of the following glia cells produce myelin?
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astrocytes
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Which of the following are glia cells that brace and anchor neurons to nutrient lines?
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Dendrites carry information away from the cell body
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Which of the following is NOT true concerning neurons?
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Medulla
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The part of the brain that regulates breathing and heart rate is the:
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cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum.
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The four major regions of the brain include:
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visual area
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The occipital lobe of the cerebrum houses the:
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pons, medulla, and reticular formation.
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The brain stem includes which of the following structures?
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regulates heart rate, respiratory rate, and vomitting
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The medulla oblongata:
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The spinal cord extends from the medulla to the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebra.
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Which of the following statements is TRUE reguarding the spinal cord?
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directly into body fluids such as blood.
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Endocrine glands secrete hormones:
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its target cells
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The action of a hormone is directed at:
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growth hormone and lutenizing hormone
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The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes:
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in the anterior throat
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The thyroid gland is located:
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insulin.
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The pancreas is a gland that secretes:
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growth hormone
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The hormone that stimulates cells to increase in size and divide more frequently is:
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insulin
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The hormone that facilitates transport of glucose across cell membranes is:
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connective
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Blood is classified as what type of tissue?
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sticky, red color, slightly alkaline pH, volume in human body 5-6 liters, temp 38 degrees C
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Which of the following are physical characteristics of blood?
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nutrients, hormones, and proteins
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which of the following are components of plasma?
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hemoglobin
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The protein found in RBC's that is responsible for carrying oxygen is:
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they are packed with organelles
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Which of the following does NOT describe erythrocytes:
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Fighting infections
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What is the function of WBC's?
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which two antigens, type A or type B, a person inherits.
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ABO blood groups are based on:
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Type AB
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When blood typing, if the sample of blood agglutinates with anti-A and anti-B, what type of blood is it?
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pericardium
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The heart is enclosed by a double sac of membrane known as the:
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are located superiorly and are the receiving chambers of the heart.
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The atria of the heart:
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pulmonary artery
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Which vessel receives blood during right ventricular systole?
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coronary arteries
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The myocardium receives blood from the:
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lymphatic vessels and nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils
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The lymphatic system is comprised of what structures:
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subclavian veins
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Lymph rejoins the blood and becomes part of the plasma in the
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transporting oxygen and nutrients to tissue.
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All of the following are functions of the lymphatic system EXCEPT:
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It acts as a large lymph node and filters foreign particles and damaged red blood cells from blood.
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What is the function of the spleen?
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Innate defenses refers to those defenses that guard against pathogens; adaptive defenses are those that respond to specific foreign pathogens.
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What is the difference between innate (nonspecific) defenses and adaptive defenses against infection?
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skin and mucous membranes.
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The body's first line of defense is:
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exchange of gases between lungs and blood.
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What are the primary functions of the respiratory system?
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alveoli
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Where does gas exchange occur?
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atmospheric pressure
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What is the driving force for inspiration?
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elastic recoil of lungs and thoracic wall.
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The force responsible for normal expiration comes mainly from
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bound to hemoglobin
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How is most oxygen transported in the blood?
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as a bicarbonate ion
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How is most carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
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J-shaped smooth muscle organ; located on the left side of the abdominal cavity.
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Which of the following describes the stomach?
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mechanical breakdown of food
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Which of the following are functions of the stomach?
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activate pepsinogen into pepsin
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What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
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protein
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The digestive enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of
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small intestine
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What is the body's major digestive organ?
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completes chemical digestion of all food categories and absorbs nutrients into bloodstream
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What are the functions of the small intestines?
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Dry out the food residue by absorbing water and eliminate these residues.
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What are the main functions of the large intestine?
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produce enzymes that breakdown all categories of digestible foods.
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What is the main digestive function of the pancreas?
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store and releases bile
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The function of the gallbladder is to:
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emulsification of fats
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Which of the following is the function of bile?
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produce bile for fat digestion
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What is the main digestive function of the liver?
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produces hormones that aid in digestion
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Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the kidney?
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retroperitoneal
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Which of the following terms describes the location of the kidneys?
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extremely high
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Blood pressure in the glomerulus is:
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filtration
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The nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus is called:
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glomerulus and renal tubule
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The nephrons of the kidney have what two main structures:
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urea
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Which of the following is NOT one of the substances typically reabsorbed by the tubules:
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creatinine
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All of the following are NOT found in urine except:
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anterior to the pubis symphysis
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Which of the following does NOT describe the bladder:
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testes
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The male gonad are:
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seminiferous tubules
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The actual "sperm-producing factories" of the male reproductive system are the:
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testes and the interstitial cells
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Testosterone is produced by the:
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temporarily stores sperm
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What is the function of the epididymis?
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epididymal fluid
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Which of the following is NOT a component of semen?
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activate sperm and neutralize urine
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Secretions from the prostate gland:
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contracts and relaxes to keep temperature of testes below body temperature
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What is the function of the scrotum?
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spermatogonia
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The primitive stem cell of spermatogenesis is called:
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23 chromosomes
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Spermatids and ova have:
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fallopian tube
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Fertilization usually occurs in the:
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endometrium
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The layer of the uterus that sloughs off on a monthly basis is the:
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FSH
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The hormone responsible for ovulation is:
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they have the same number of chromosomes
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Human ova and sperm are similar in that:
