Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Answers – Flashcards

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Define Anatomy
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Study of the structure of an organism
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Define Physiology
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Study of the functions of a living organism
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What are the 10 Characteristics of Life
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1. Responsiveness 2. Conductivity 3. Growth 4. Respiration 5. Digestion 6. Absorption 7. Secretion 8. Excretion 9. Circulation 10. Reproduction
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Responsiveness
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Permits an organism to sense, monitor, and respond to changes in the organisms external environment
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Conductivity
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Capacity of living cells and tissue to transmit a wave of excitation from one point to another within the body
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Growth
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Normal increase in the size or number of cells
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Respiration
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Processes that result in the absorption, transport, utilization, or exchange of respiratory gases
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Digestion
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Process where complex food products are broken down into simpler substances
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Absorption
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Movement of digested nutrients through the wall of the digestive tube into the body fluids for transport to the cells
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Secretion
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Production and delivery of specialized substances for diverse body functions
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Excretion
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Removal of waste product during many body functions
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Circulation
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Movement of the body fluids and many other substances
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Reproduction
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Involves formation of new individuals and also the formation of new cells
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Define Metabolism
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Sum total of all the physical and chemical reactions occurring in the body
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What are the 7 Levels of Organization
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1. Chemical 2. Organelle 3. Cellular 4. Tissue 5. Organs 6. System 7. Organism
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Chemical Level
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Over 100 different atoms combine to form molecules which combine into macromolecules
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Organelle Level
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Collections of molecules that organize together to perform a specific function
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Cellular Level
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Smallest unit that possesses the basic characteristics of life
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Tissue Level
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Organization of many similar cells that are specialized to perform a specific function
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What are the different types of Tissue
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Muscle, Epithelial, Connective, and Nervous
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Organ Level
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Organization of several tissues arranged together to perform a specific function
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System Level
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Organs arranged to perform complex functions in the body
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Organism Level
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Integration of all body systems into a complete structure
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What are the 11 Main Body Systems
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1. Integumentary 2. Sketetal 3. Muscular 4. Endocrine 5. Nervous 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic 8. Repiratory 9. Digestive 10. Urinary 11. Reproductive
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Integumentary System
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Protects the body, keeps harmful material out, regulates body temperature, senses and responds to the environment, and creates important chemicals
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Skeletal and Muscular System
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Works together to provide support and produce body movements
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Endocrine and Nervous System
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Respond to changes in the environment and body.
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What is the Nervous System responsible for
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Generating and interpreting nerve impulses, occurs rapidly and lasts a short period of time
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What is the Endocrine System responsible for
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Creates and secretes hormones, occurs slowly and lasts a longer period of time
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Cardiovascular and Lymphatic System
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Work together for transportation and defense in the body
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What does the Cardiovascular do
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Transport materials throughout the body through a series of closed vessels
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What does the Lymphatic System do
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Responsible for returning materials from the tissue spaces back to the blood and plays a role in the immune system
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Respiratory, Digestive, and Urinary System
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Work together for processing, regulation, and maintenance in the body
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What does the Respiratory System permit
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Movement of air into and out of the lungs and allows for exchange of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
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What is the Digestive System responsible for
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Breaking down ingested material, absorbing nutrients from this material, and eliminating undigested material
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What is the Urinary System responsible for
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Filtering out waste from the blood, formation of urine, and the elimination of this urine from the body
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Reproductive System
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Responsible for reproduction and development
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When is a body in anatomical position
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The body is erect, or standing, posture with arms at the sides and palms foreward
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What are the 2 major body cavities
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Dorsal and Ventral
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What can the Dorsal Cavity be subdivided into
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Cranial and Spinal Cavities
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What can the Ventral Cavity be subdivided into
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Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavities
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What can the Thoracic Cavity be subdivided into
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Mediastinum and Pleural Cavities
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What can the Abdominopelvic be subdivided into
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The Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities
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Cranial
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Skull
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Orbital
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Eyes
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Axillary
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Armpit
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Inguinal
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Groin
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Mental
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Chin
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Antecubital
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Front of Elbow
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Plantar
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Sole of Foot
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Acromial
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Shoulder
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Palmar
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Palm of Hand
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Mammary
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Breast
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Thoracic
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Chest
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Lumbar
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Lower Part of Back
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Patellar
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Front of Knee
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Femoral
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Thigh
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Umbilical
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Navel
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Carpal
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Wrist
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Gluteal
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Buttock
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Cervical
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Neck
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Brachial
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Upper Part of Arm
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Popliteal
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Area Behind Knee
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Tarsal
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Ankle
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Oral
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Mouth
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Pelvic
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Lower Portion of Knee
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Superior
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Towards the Head
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Inferior
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Lower or Below
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Anterior
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Front of In Front of
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Posterior
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Behind or Back of
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Medial
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Towards the Midline
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Lateral
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Away from the Midline
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Proximal
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Towards of Nearest to Trunk of Body
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Distal
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Away from Trunk of Body
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Superficial
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Nearer the Surface
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Deep
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Farther away from the Body Surface
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What are the 3 Main Body Planes
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Sagittal, Coronal (Frontal), and Transverse (Horizontal)
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Sagittal Plane
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Lengthwise plane running front front to back, separating the body into equal left and right (midsaggital) or into left and right (sagittal)
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Coronal (Frontal) Plane
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Lengthwise plane running from side to side, separating the body from anterior to posterior
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Transverse (Horizontal) Plane
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Crosswise plane, separating the upper and lower parts of the body
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What are 4 terms related to organs
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Lumen, Central and Peripheal, Medullary and Cortical, and Basal and Apical
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Lumen
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Hollow areas of organs
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Central
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Near the center
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Peripheal
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Around the boundary
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Medullary
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Inner region of organ
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Cortical
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Outer region or layer of an organ
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Basal
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Base or widest part of an organ
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Apical
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Narrow tip of organ
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What are the 4 types of Body Imaging
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-Radiography (X-Ray) -Computed Tomagraphy (CAT/CT Scan) -Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -Ultrasonography (Ultra Sound)
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Radiography (X-Ray) show
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Shows bones and other dense structures
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Computed Tomagraphy (CAT/CT Scan)
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Shows a video image of the subject as if it were cut into anatomical sections
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Uses magnetic field to induce tissue to emit radio frequency waves, creates sectional images of the subject, good for soft tissue
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Ultrasonography (Ultra Sound)
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Ultrasonic waves are reflected off internal tissues to produce an image called a sonogram
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Define Somatotype
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Used to describe a particular body build
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What can Somatotypes be used to predict
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Certain diseases
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What are the 3 Somatotypes
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Ectomorph, Mesomorph, and Endomorph
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Ectomorph
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Thin, lean body type
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Mesomorph
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Excessive fat either located in the abdominal area or hip area
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Endomorph
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Muscular Build
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Define Homeostasis
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Use to describe the relatively constant states maintained by the body
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What are the basic components of control mechanisms
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Afferent (Sensory), Integrating/Control, Effector (Motor), and Feedback
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Afferent (Sensory) Mechanism
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Specific sensors detect and react to any changes from normal
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Integrating/Control Mechanism
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Information is analyzed and integrated, and then, if needed, a specific action is initiated
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Effector (Motor) Mechanism
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Effectors directly influence controlled physiological variables
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Feedback
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A negative or positive feedback will occur
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What are the two types of feedback control systems
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Negative and Positive
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Negative Feedback Control Systems
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Is responsible for maintaining homeostasis, produces an action opposite to the change that is occuring
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Positive Feedback Control Systems
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Amplifies or reinforces the change that is occuring
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What are the 3 Levels of Control
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Intracellular, Intrinsic, and Extrinsic
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Intracelluar Control
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Regulate function within the cell, often by means of enzymes and genes, operates at cell level
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Intrinsic Control
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Makes use of chemical signals, operates at the tissue and organ
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Extrinsic Control
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Nerve signals and hormones originate outside the controlled organ, operates at the system and organism levels
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Define pathophysiology
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Study of the underlying physiological process associated with disease
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What are the 8 Basic Mechanisms of Disease
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1. Genetic 2. Pathogenic 3. Tumor and Cancer 4. Physical and Chemical Agents 5. Malnutrition 6. Autoimmunity 7. Inflammation 8. Degeneration
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Genetic Mechanism
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Altered, or mutated, genes can cause abnormal proteins to be made that don't perform their intended functions
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Pathogenic Organisms
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Particles that damage the body in some way, presence of microscopic or larger parasites in the body may interefere with functions
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Examples of Pathogenic Organisms
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-Prions -Viruses -Bacteria -Fungi -Protozoa -Pathogenic Animals
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Tumor and Cancers
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Abnormal tissue growths, or neoplasms, can cause various physiological disturbances
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Physical and Chemical Agents
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Toxic and destructive chemicals, extreme heat or cold, mechanical injury, and radiation can each affect the normal homeostasis of the body
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Malnutrition
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Insufficient or imbalanced intake of nutrients
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Autoimmunity
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Immune system attacks itself
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Inflammation
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Normal mechanism that speeds up recovery, but if it comes at the wrong time it can destroy tissue
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Degeneration
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Tissue sometimes breaks apart, normal consequence of aging
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What are the 7 Disease Risk Factors
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1. Genetic 2. Age 3. Lifestyle 4. Stress 5. Environmental Factors 6. Microorganisms 7. Preexisting Condition
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Genetic Factors
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Inherited traits puts on a greater risk than normal risk for development
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Age
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Biological and behavioral variations during different phases of the human life cycle put us at greater risk for certain diseases
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Lifestyle
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People who's work or personal activity gives them a greater chance of developing a disease
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Stress
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Physical, psychological, or emotional stress can put people at higher risks for certain diseases
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Environmental Factors
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Climate, pollution, or environmental situations you didn't choose to happen can cause you to develop diseases
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Microorganisms
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Viruses and bacteria are cofactors for developing diseases
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Preexisting
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A preexisting condition can worsen or make it harder for a person to defend themselves
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Define Bilateral Symmetry
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A term that means that right and left sides of the body are mirror images
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Ipsilateral
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On the same side of the body
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Contralateral
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On the opposite side of the body
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Axial Subdivision
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Includes the neck, head, torso, ribs, spinal column, etc. Everything on the "axis" of the body
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Appendicular Subdivision
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Includes the upper extremities and lower extremities and their subdivisions
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Define Atrophy
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Term used to describe the wasting effects of advancing age
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Define Cytology
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Study of Cells
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Define Histology
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Study of Tissues
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What are the 3 subdivisions of Physiology
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Organism involved, organizational level, and specific body system
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