America’s History 8th Edition Henretta Chapter 17 Key Terms – Flashcards
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Homestead lockout
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Lockout of workers at the Homestead, Pennsylvania, steel mill after Andrew Carnegie refused to renew the union contract.
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management revolution
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An internal management structure adopted by many large complex corporations that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day-to-day operations and departmentalized operations by function.
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Vertical integration
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business model in which a corporation controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products.
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horizontal integration
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business concept invented in the late nineteenth century to pressure competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate.
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trust
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small group of associates that hold stock from a group of combined firms, managing them as a single entity.
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deskilling
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the elimination of skilled labor under a new system of mechanized manufacturing, in which workers completed discrete, small-scale task rather than crafting an entire product.
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mass production
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coined by Henry Ford, who helped to invent a system of mass production of goods based on assembly of standardized parts.
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scientific management
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developed by Frederick W. Taylor; it was designed to coax maximum output from the individual worker, increase efficiency, and reduce production costs.
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the US.
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Great Railroad Strike of 1877
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nationwide strike of thousands of railroad workers and labor allies, who protested the growing power of railroad corporations and the steep wage cuts imposed by railroad managers amid a severe economic depression that had begun in 1873.
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Greenback-Labor Party
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national political movement calling on the government to increase the money supply in order to assist borrowers and foster economic growth; "Green-backers" called for greater regulation of corporations and laws enforcing an eight-hour workday.
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producerism
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argument that real economic wealth is created by workers who make their living by physical labor, such as farmers and craftsmen, and that merchants, lawyers, bankers and other middlemen unfairly gain their wealth from such "producers."
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Granger Laws
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Economic regulatory laws passed in some Midwestern states in the late 1870s, triggered by pressure from farmers and the Greenback-Labor Party.
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Knights of Labor
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the first mass labor organization created among America's working class.
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anarchism
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The advocacy of a stateless society achieved by revolutionary means.
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Haymarket Square
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Conflict in Chicago in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration called by local anarchists.
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Farmers' Alliance
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rural movement founded in Texas during the depression of the 1870s that spread across the plains states and the South. The Farmers' Alliance advocated cooperative stores and exchanges that would circumvent middlemen, and it called for greater government aid to farmers and stricter regulation of railroads.
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Interstate Commerce Act
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1887 act that created the Interstate Commerce Commission.
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closed shop
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workplace in which a job seeker had to be a union member to gain employment.
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American Federation of Labor
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Organization by Samuel Gompers in 1866 that coordinated the activities of craft unions and called for direct negotiation with employers in order to achieve benefits for skilled workers.
