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Created by William Paterson, Proposed by Luther Martin ; suggests the government remain unicameral and all powers rest in Congress. This puts great power in the hands of a single government body ☛ supreme rule; minimal liberty. 2 votes per state in the house, not based off population

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New Jersey Plan

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James Madison's idea, pitched by Ed Randolf; suggests the government become an institutionalized system of checks and balances—President veto and reelections. This calls for separating powers into 3 branches that form their own checks and balances. Council of revisions, votes in the house based of population, bicameral house

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Virginia Plan

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Suggests government adopt same structure as Great Britain because their citizens have the most rights and are treated very well (Americans revolted because they wanted to become citizens—they wanted the same rights); proposed right after New Jersey Plan☛ ___ knew none would support this plan ☛ making Virginia Plan look better.

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Hamilton's Plan

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People in support of ending slavery; they believe in the supremacy of the Declaration over the current Constitution. They believe the Declaration is God's law and has power over all.

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Abolitionists

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____ trade relied heavily on importation due to introduction of the cotton industry. By 1835, there were 4.5 million slaves. This allowed the South to tie in with the North economically by giving them 20% of the cotton share crop.

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Slavery

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He believed no state of nature exists (Hobbes). Therefore, no natural rights; people are basically social constructs that will always adhere to their own opinions, morals, etc. and try to impose their "realities" onto others. He believed the North was doing this to the South. Based a lot of ideas on Doctrine of Moral Relatively Doctrine of Moral relativism - no universal moral, all based of society

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Calhoun

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according to Articles of Confederation, 13/13 states are needed to pass an amendment, 9/13 for a super majority, and 4 states could block any form of legislation.

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Ratification

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Hamilton believed that a diverse society requires a diverse economy with big businesses, free market, and large labor class. By fulfilling people's desire to continuously make money ☛ allows rich to invest back into the system ☛ creates more jobs and wages. Essentially the first proposition of the trickle down system.

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Hamilton's Report on Manufacturing

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Way of life should be focused on farming—population will become self-sustaining/independent. This posed a danger of becoming a majority faction due to a common identity (farming).

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Jefferson's Manufacturing

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Written by Alexander Hamilton; expresses that a Bill of Rights is unnecessary for three reasons: it is redundant, the government has not violated any rights, and it is up to each state to enforce such restrictions. Essentials like police powers, health, security, morality, etc., depend on each state.

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Federalist 84

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Written by James Madison; argues that government needs to have a specific set of checks and balances (President's Veto, reelections) to prevent corruption. This calls for complete separation of powers ☛ three branches (that we now have).

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Federalist 51

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"Trustee" works on behalf of constituents; votes/acts based on their best interest. This serves as a form of checks and balances, preventing majority factions forming ☛ prevents common concert (population is dispersed) and common desire (large population, many interests)

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Trustee Model of Representation

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Delegate acts strictly as an echo chamber for the constituents. This model of representation provides no internal structure to check and balance the concentration of power.

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Delegate Model of Representation

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The name under which John Jay and James Madison wrote the Federalist Papers. This allowed them to fully voice their opinions without fear of society, changing their minds or the influence their names might have.

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Plubius

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The "pure democracy"; A republic created by Lycurgus. All land was distributed equally, everyone was self-sustaining, luxury items were taxed, and there was a sacrifice for the common good. Its small, homogenous population and small land area allowed this society to blossom and create a virtuous society not possible today.

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Sparta

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Groups of similar people with similar political purposes adhere to the rights of others. Majority factions are the greatest threat to democracies/republics—must be either eliminated (eliminate liberties) or controlled through common concert and common desire *Look at lecture notes

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Factions

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Jefferson says: in the "Exchange of Binding Generations," people must expressly consent to the constitution through ratification of a new constitution every 19 years. This process would be difficult and confusing; impractical

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Expressed Consent Theory

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Madison argues that people already consent (to government) by remaining in the US. There is no need to change the Constitution; it is a "sacred" document in a sense.

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Tacit Consent Theory

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Authors are John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. Some of the most important American political documents ever written—has great influenced American government today.

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Federalist Papers

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James Madison argues that majority factions pose the greatest threat for the democracy ☛ Must be controlled by preventing common desire and common concert.

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Federalist 10

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In this speech, Abe re-articulates the Declaration and crystalizes the meaning of the Civil War ☛ Abolish slavery; essential to liberty. Refutes Calhoun's arguments; declares natural condition is liberty.

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Gettysburg Address

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End of Civil War; Abe somberly expresses distaste for the war. Slavery did cause the war, but he blames both North and South. "War was inevitable"; "divine punishment" for sins of America. War behooves us to look at Natural Law.

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Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Address

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❅ Duties for individuals (What you owe the government) ❅ Negative Rights (protection from government) e.g. Bill of Rights ❅ Government is the enemy ❅ Government should be an umpire giving equal opportunity

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Classical liberalism

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❅ Entitlements for individuals (What the government owes you) ❅ Positive Rights (individual rights; government assistance) e.g. 2nd Bill of Rights ❅ Market, Big Business, Society is the enemy ❅ Government should be scorekeeper giving equal outcome

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Modern Liberalism

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Slavery. Big states vs. Small States nationalist vs. federalist

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What were the divides in the Convention?

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Order, Protection, Justice, Equality

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What are the ends of society?

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Right to clothing, food, shelter, recreation, good education, and to achieve good health.

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Economic Bill of Rights

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Classical Liberalism

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What was the political philosophy Pre-FDR?

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Modern Liberalism

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What was political Post-FDR?

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First attempt of government in America. Retained a structure of independent states. Continental Congress wielded power. There was no executive branch.

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What were the Articles of Confederation?

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Policy favoring disadvantaged groups.

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Affirmative Action

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Willingness to use reasoned arguments. Confronting better opinions and adopting it.

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Deliberation

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America had a soul of church. Anyone is welcome, but you have to believe, what we believe.

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What was the G.K. Chesterton's philosophy?

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Negroes are only three fifths of a person. This gave the North more representation in the House of Representatives—incentive for South to abolish slavery.

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3/5 Compromise

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Government not involved in slave trade. This allowed demand to increase and supply to decrease ☛ slavery becomes too expensive—incentive for abolition

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Importation Clause

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Law dictates that escaped slaves should be returned to owners. However, no incentive is provided for free states to return slaves to their owners in slave states.

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Fugitive Slave Clause

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James Madison was inspired by George Mason's 1776 Declaration of Rights. Wanted to introduce 16 amendments that would have been the Bill of Rights.

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Reasoning behind Bill of Rights

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Morality is relative to time, circumstance, place, etc. There are no universal norms or ethics. One society cannot impose its views on other societies. Spoken in regard to the different societies in the North and the South during the slavery era.

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Doctrine of Moral Relativism

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Martin Luther King Jr.

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Which notable leader wanted social equality?

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Abraham Lincoln

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Which notable leader wanted political equality?

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt.

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Which notable leader wanted economic equality?

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South won the first two days of the Battle. North won third and final date with event known as Pickett's Charge. Involved over 300k soldiers.

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What were the results of the Battle of Gettysburg.

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Featured speaker at Gettysburg. Spoke for two hours and said over 13k words. At the time, regarded as the most famous orator in the world. Speech not as significant as Lincoln's two minute speech.

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Edward Everitt

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10 of the 59 were Anti Federalists. 2 of the 22 senators were Anti Federalists. Federalists greatly outnumbered the Anti-Federalists and held the voice in govern

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What were the political parties of the representatives in the first elected house?

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Tolerance: Put up with blacks, desegregation/recognition of civil rights, but did not accept it. Minimum requirement for MLK. Acceptance: What MLK aspired for. Blacks & Whites as brothers/sisters. Biblical allusion. Embracing civil rights.

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Tolerance Society vs. Acceptance Society

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Provisions for public education, arts and sciences, economics, civic virtue, suffrage and voting rights, judicial review.

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Provisions left out of original Constitution

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A republic can only exist amongst a small population, needs virtuous citizens, property should be equally divided. (Sparta is the perfect republic model)

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Centinal

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Nationalism is the Federal government knows best and should supercede the states laws and regulations. Federalism is the Federal government has their set of responsibilities and rights, but the States should have their own sovereignty to define their own laws for those things not addressed by the Constitution specifically.

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Nationalist vs. Federalist

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Bicameral legislation (house/senate), electoral college, run offs held in house of reps. Was proposed by Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth

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The Connecticut Plan (great compromise)

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Moral relativists argue that there is no known universal rule that defines right and wrong. Instead, morality is determined by the standards of a person's own authorities. These authorities might be a government, a religion or even a family member.

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Moral Relativism

American National Government – Sands (Berry College)

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