ALS 4162 EXAM 1 – Flashcards

Australia, Brazil, British Isles, Europe, India, New Zealand, South Africa, United States

Port of Miami-- 85% non indigenous species, 10 or more organisms a year introduced to florida every year

Alien

Exotic

Established species

Risk Assessment

Immigration

Importation

Nonindigenous

Introduction

Pathway

Fish farms, pet trade, tourists, ballast water, cultural introductions

Water lettuce and channeled apple snail invasion

small size and mobility

8 animals provide meat, milk, eggs less the 0.01 percent of known plants feed 90% of the worlds population

Adventive-arrive in new country by any means unless you know was intentionally added or accidentally came in -Humans: intentional or accidental -Natural-Emigration -Howard Frank made up the word Adventive

-Impact is 2nd only to human induced habitat destruction -Loss of Biodiversity: competition, predation, Hybridization

-Father of Invasive Species awareness - First to investigate problem worldwide

TRUE

TRUE Also Weeds impact Crops systems, pastures, and horticulture

40 Percent/ Bobford and Hart expanded the knowledge of invasive vertebrate species and indicated that 30 of the 80 non indigenous vertebrates are pests

US 500 Million a year

less the 2 percent

The US gray squirrel is displacing native red squirrel

Canada Goose

-Non native fungi most important groups: 77% plant pathogens -Most damaging pathogens attack grapes and potatoes

Jatropha Curcas -wanted for oil production (Australia rejected this plant) -Take 8 hours to collect $2.86 worth of nuts for oil

Golden Apple snail- an intermediate host for human parasitic nematode

Ecological catastrophe following human arrival to NZ - 60 native bird species became extinct -European settlers added more than 90 alien species -cattle and sheep benefited NZ's economy

Red Billed Quelea -consumes 1.6 tons of grain each day

imported from the east indies, not causing significant damage in south africa

Direct: displace native plants Indirect-reduce fauna associated with natives

in natural areas of the south and west

Vertebrates (pests), invertebrates, and pathogens ( Crop and forest disease, HIV/AIDS

120,000

-humans contribute to homogenization of worlds biota -Shorter travel times increase vector survival

an organism that transfers disease to one organism to another

-Vectors of Dengue and DHF Fever -Dengue viruses can replicated to a high level in mosquitoes -Dengue in Florida is hurting tourism -Unlikely to become an endemic because lack of reservoir hosts, and sparse human pops outside cities

-Dengue reintroduced in Queensland -DART failed to control outbreak - -Arrival of H1N1 virus managed using new disaster response approach -Annual total cost for Aedes aegypti US 17 million per year

-Breeds near livestock pens>High nutrient loads -Vector of Japansese Encephalitis and other flaviviurses in Northern Territory (heaadaches, fever, coma death) -Vaccine 95% effective -Horses and pigs affected

-European Honey Bee -Honey generates considerable income -Besides snake fatalities, bee (and wasps) stings are leading cause of death from venomous organisms

-Wasp -contrast to bees, exotic wasps inflict damage with no redeeming benefit -Established in tasmania Austrlia -wasps populations surged because there was no predators to keep population in check -Impacts: increased costs for horticulture, health care,tourism, and nest destruction, no human fatalities directly attributable to this wasp.

-seek refuges in transported goods, trade, survival in range of climates, lack of natural enemies, broad host range,

- in Australia, but from the US -resistant to chemicals, stings, -eradication efforts in Brisbane ongoing

Most costly invasive arthropod, -distribution determined by low temperature and humidity - Impacts Direct: Loos of condition, anemia, death, damaged hides, loss of milk production, calves Indirect: tick borne diseases: vaccines, treatment, handling costs

Australia only continent with tropical regions that does not have the screw worn fly -can affect all warm blooded animals -causes cutaneous myiasis:wounds containing numerous larvae -Direct Effects: Damaged hides and muscle, declines in productions, treatment costs, deaths -SIT-effective eradication program

-attacks wide variety of Fruit and Vegetables -Presence resulted in Trade Bans -Successful Eradication Program in 1996

1. Accept pest and redirect export to PFF Countries 2. Continue exporting to premium market( most attractive for producers) 3. Redirect exports to domestic Market

Impacts: Causative agent bacterium Unsightful fruit, edible but unsalable only a cosmetic issue lessions stems, premature leaf drop, loss of plant vigor

Potential impacts: cause production losses -Successful biocontrol program could reduce losses to 3 million annually -

IMpacts: destructive conifer timber pest, first detected in Perth -Three response scenarios: DO nothing, Govt band of wood, TBD

Major economic benefits, beekeeping industry(60-65 million per year) crop pollination , Nitrogen enrichment of osil by bee pollinated legumes, Varroa mite is a parasite of honey bees

Detected in Darwin marinas -first recorded marine pest -close to zebra mussel in USA more than 600 million impact each year. -In australia, predicted to invade oyster farms, marine pumping facilities, vessles, and port facilities

Predator for shellfish, capable of consuming any animal tissue encountered and will dig for buried pray -threat to marine environment

-first discovered in western AU -ballast water suspected vector -dominent species in port philip bay -impacts: threat to scallop beds since it is an efficient phyplankton filter feeder, and allows seagrass beds to vergrow -intense food competition which is detrimental to native fish significant and detrimental reduction in the amount of food in the system is impacting the ecology

-Colonized more territory in Australia than any other exotic benthic pest -tolerates wide range of temperatures and depths -hard shell immune to predation

Alien plant species

Consistent with Island Biogeography Theory; new species can evolve on island because few competitors

-Crop species mostly alien economic plants - Pasture grass species feed livestock -some pastures species negatively impact crops

-Mechanical- cultivation of crop lands -Cultural-resowing pastures -Chemical-spraying with herbicides -Biological- Host specific natural enemies -best solution is to combine all of these:Integrative Pest Management

Reduce crop and pasture yields, Contaminate agricultural products, negatively impack livestock -Direct: poisoning -Indirect- poor performance Negative impacts of APS outweigh the positives

crops:Wild Oats, Skeleton weed, Mexican Feather Grass, Spanish Thistle pastures: Serrated Tussock, pattersons curse/salvation jane, blackberry

-Patersons Curse; People didnt like it called it this -Salvation Jane- People who liked it -conflict of the pasture lead to biological control act

-Complex variable -APS may impact agro and natural systems -Effects can be positive, negative, or neutral -APS may provide food and refuge for other alien organisms

-the higher the negative biology invasion the lower the diversity is type 1 and type 2 -Type 4- neutral -Type 3: the higher the positive biodiversity the higher the alien infestation

sheep and kangaroos

postive: increase in rare mouse negative: loss of native sedgeland -- endangered goose, bird and lizard abundance neutral: native frog populations unaffected

positive: increase in insectivorous birds negative: loss of native eucalyptus, some birds, reptiles neutral: Granivorous birds unaffected

Panetta and James

-from brazil, establishment of cochineal dye -invaded queensland and new south wales -the cactus feeding moth was introduced to get rid of cactus, with much success -

uses: Antidepressant

High in Omega-3 acids: Hayfever Health risks: Hay fever, skin irritiation, allergic rhinitilis -contains alkaloids interfering with liver functions in sheep

Health risks: contact dermatitis, especially in men

Health Risks: skin irritation, allergic rhinitis, Hay fever

health risks: Allergic bronchitis (Asthma)

health risks: death from ingesting plant parts

Death from ingesting plant parts

-APS often contain toxic compounds -ingestion may cause sickness or death -effects can be acute or chronic -dominant pasture species -problems avoided by careful pasture and animal management

-contains estrogens: causing abortions and infertitlity in sheep

-Contain alkaloids causing staggers and death in sheep

-contains nitrate ions whcih cause blood poisoning

-contians hypericin causing photosensilitization and poor conditions in sheep

contain cyanogenic compounds whcih are possible health risks

health risks: produce highly toxic oxalates

Produce highly toxic oxalates

-Agricultural losses and human health effects

True

TRUE

Global Access

ALL OF THE ABOVE

all of the aboe

pathway

Herbicides

Biological control

cattle tick

all of the above

none of the above

Agriculture: patersons curse >pasture effects Natural Areas:St. Johns wort Human Health:St. Johns wart (antidepressant), patersons curse increase in omega 3, hay fever Parthenium weed: contact dermatitus

Humans: aedes mosquito (dengue) calex goidus mosquito (encephalitis) Livestock: cattle tick, old world screw worm fly Agriculture: citrus canker, papaya fruit fly Coastline: Northern pacific sea star (consumes any animal tissue), Euro fan worm -NZ screw shell has colonized more territory than any other exotic benthic etc.

False, Australia is not included in this because of its diversing ecosystem

losses to agriculture 420 million per year control and Rand D 80 million

loss of biodiversity

-private landowners: agriculture pests -government agencies- responsible for native species and communities

-predation -pasture competition, rainfall dependent -permanent degradation of soil and pastures

-reservoirs and vectors of diseases affecting native wildlife, domestic animals and humans -hosts for new dieseases entering australia:rabies in wild canines and foot and mouth disease in hogs and goats -strategies for prevention costly

-changes in vegetation cover and composition -changes in soil inhabiting arthropod fauna -changes in soil structure -hybridization with native species

-hunting fishing -feral animals harvested for meat and hides (10-30 mil per year export idustry, rabbits and cats are a food source for aborigines -Trout and Carp harvested for consumption, pet food fertilizer -

$250

Rabbit -impacts -redcued carrying capacity pasture degradation threaten to native plants like Acacia aneura -Direct effect to native birds and animals -an indirect effect to maintian high predator populations

-lamb predation -calf, goat kid, poultry losses -native wildlife -limiting factor for successful endangered mammal reintroductions -loss in ecotourism from decline in native animals in wildlife parks

-Overgrazing -interbreed with valuable domestic goats (Hybridize) -Interfere with seedling tree production -damagae fences -contaminate water -reservoir for exotic livestock diseases -alter ecosystem function (native vertebrae fauna

-lamb predation -root up quality pasture for livestock -damage water control structures -contaminate ponds -destroy fences -reduce crop yields -native habitat degradation -predation on native animals -HARBOR and SPREAD plant and animal disease like Foot and Mouth Disease

-high populations>> plagues -interfere with crop production -damage machinery, vehicles, household items -Increase feed costs for domestic animals because consuming feed that normall is eaten by livestock -cause stress to and injure domestic animals -deplete grazing pastures -spoil and consume package goods -incur costs for mouseproofing antrapping

-wild dogs include feral dogs, dingoes and hybrids -Livestock predation -Kill more sheep than they can eat -affect antive fauna populations -hybridization threatens survival of dingo -attacks on human especially dingoes -outbreaks of diseases linked to wild dogs ---like Hydatidosis-parasite fatal to humans ---and potential vectors of rabies bacteirum -impact the native populations

-cause major declines in small vertebrate populations -reservoir host for several disease -like carnivore tapeworm, toxoplasmosis, sarcosporidiosis(sheep) -major problem in the flroida keys -threat to endangered rodent populations

-compete with livestock for water and pasture -habitat destrcution and cotnribute to erosion -destroy fences -contmainate watering holes -potential for spreading diseases

-Harbor and Spread livestock diseases like brucellosis and tuberculosis -damage freshwater swamps, which kill Melaleuca forests -Trample nesting sites of rare turtle -damage fences -grazing reduces shelter for small desert mammals

-destroy 30% of macadamia nut crop -damage citrus, avocado, and bana crops -indirectly affect owl populations via use of Anticoagulaent rodenticidies -prey on native birds, reptiles -compete with island inhabiting small mammals

-consume native arthropods>> affect invertebrate communities -Prey on sand compete with native amphibians -anecdotal evidence toxins poison native predators i.e. native cat an dlizard

-damage fruit and grain crops -consume and spoil grain in cattle, pig and poultry feedlots -potential to spread salmonella and tuberculosis -nesting in buildings causes fire hazards , parasite and cosmetic damage

-compete with native brids for nesting sites -pests of fruit crops -nestinling in building causes fire hazards, parasites, and cosmetic damage -disperse seeds of invasive weeds like Lantana -Hybridize with Native species like for example the mallard and pacific black duck hybridize

-Increase nutrient, algae and suspended sediment concentrations -reduce water quality, increase pump wear -may make aquatic habitat less suitable for other fish , but not evidence of native fish declines -few recreational anglers target carp -GRASS Carp is beneficial but EUROPEAN is bad

-adversely affect native fish via predation, competition for food and habitat -reduce invertebrate and amphibian populations like the mosquitofish -plant removal by tilapia reduces habitat quality

around 500 million = agri:420 + control:60 + research:20

Safer biotech controls: viral vectored immunocontraception

New Zealand

500, one species per month for the last 150 years

-Defensive Expenditure (DE): cost for prevention and control -Loss of Economic Output (LEO): Annual $$$ lost due to current infestations

Govt. role in preventing invasive species

NZ$578 million annually

-Natural areas account for 30% of land (17% threatened by weed invasions, weeds consitutue risk to 49% of native species) -DOC charged with weed managements (DE only, excludes value of biodiversity loss(NZ 4.42 Billion!) -Exponential increase occur in 5-8 years -60 % privately owned -all this leading to loss of biodiversity and ecoturism

-spiny deters grazing, persistent seed bank and fire adapated -Widely planted for hedges -major weed problem for 100 years -major weed of pine plantations, high DE for site preparation and oversowing with inroduced grasses and legumes for gorse suppression - DE and LEO costs total is $38 million

-second most important woody weed -candidate for biological control -on-farm benefits from biocontrol DE + LEO= 6.6 million -impact on forestry $1.6 million ( cost for gorse and broom -impacts on conservation lands (affects survival of T and E plant species in ppen communities -across all sectors, NZ $5.3 million for control DE annually -affecting pine production -beethe intoruced to control scotch broom

-destructive vine of forests -damages revegetation plantings and potential problem for pine plantations -economics of biocontrol program -DOC DE 4.3 million/year -public expressed willingness to fund research for expected benefits survey 50-124 million! -$$ amount projected by survey contrased sharply with amount spent -New Zealanders value their native forests and biodiversity -

-California thistle -cirsium vulgare: comes from Hay (shipped) -major problem for agr. esp. improved pastures -one of the TOP 6 weeds, infesting 33 % of farms in southern region -DE and LEO equal NZ %13 million

-Important WEED of DAIRY Pastures -Dairy products represent significant part of NEw Zealands Export Economy -LEO NZ $175 million in 2002 -RESISTANT to herbicides -Fungus developed as bioherbicide -no adverse on affection livestock -reluctant to produce -mountains not conducive for traditional crop production -AFFECT DAIRY PRODUCTION

-Alternatives to general taxation required for extensive weed control efforts on conservation lands -Volunteer labor -levy tax on horticulture producers :Kiwi fruit is a new invader -If growers accept responsability for control costs before releasing new crop and ornamental plants, more likely to protect native biodiversity

growers should accept responsibility for escaped agriculture and now is invasive to NZ

DE : NZ 276 million LEO for uncontrolled weeds - NZ 302 million

Direct: predation, pasture competition and permanent degradation of soil and pastures Indirect: vectors of disease that affect plants animals humans

1)hunting, fishing 2) feral animals are harvested for meat and hides 3)trout and carp consumed and used for food for pets and fertilizer

loss of biodiversity

DE: costs for prevention and control, all doc charged with weed management in this category only LEO: annual money lost due to current infestations

Scotch broom

All of the above

Rabbit

All of the above

Giant buttercup

2200 -90 percent of invertebrate pests are alien species

Biosecurityact of 1993

protection from risks posed by organisms to the economy, enviroment and peoples health, through exclusion ,eradication adn control

Vespid wasp and clover root weevil

LEO 195 million DE 242 million invertebratae pest 55% of total losses

-stem weevil -89 million -clover root weevil -300 million

880 Million

-Intestinal Nematodes and Sheep Flystrike -Flesh feding fly maggot infestation 1.36 Billion

Numerous alien invertebreats pests 2/year successful border interceptions certain pests caused less damage than expected due to climate limitiations

a horticultural pest in NZ

caused less damage than expected due to climate limitations, climate change could expand pest distributions NZ

-impacts in US Australia and S. Africa -invaded houses steals honey, disrupts econological and symbiotic relationships -possible international trade bans nz government funding national survey of ants distribution and control options

-monitoring system using pheromone traps in place before pest intercepted -successfully eradicated in 1996 with insecticided laced protein baits

-unexpected; not a pest in native range -eradication program using BTK implemented to protect forests -cost of eradication -12 million

-wide host range impacts natrual areas, forestry and horticulture -localized spraying with insecticides, infested vegetation destroyed DE 2.5 million -Threat to native kowhai tree

1. no contingency funds for emergency response 2. risk analysis needed for native flora and fauna 3. communication among agencies needed 4. role of public in discovering invaders

-vector of ross river virus

Vector of Dengue fever

Brood parasite of asian hive bee , eradication rejected in favor of management plan

-analyses focused on spread rather than local densities TWO KEY FEATURES: Latent period: typically exhibited by plants, and Outbreak followed by decline: typical of animals.. boom and bus ptttern

-from Australia via Europe 1974 -Hight initial density followed by decline ---drought followed by classcial biocontrol from parasitoid introduced in 192

-similar to weevil but decline not clear -parasitoid minimal affect -

-most widespread of 4 establish specices -displacing german wasp -success of social wasps as invaders

-1991, german widespread but common wasp more abundant -co-exist with common wasp, but common wasp were better competitors in Certain habitats -- ie common wasp removes honey dew better which has higher protein quality making the queen wasp better

- compete with native birds and invertebrates for food birds like the kaka, Tui, and Bellbird -population reduction of native invertebrates.. ie caterpillar and spider at risk -Honeydew removal affects nutrient cycling and perhaps tree health

-Threat to conservation and ecotourism -major wasp control effort (parasitoid unsuccessful, Beauvaria Fungus Bait shows promise, GMo wasp Gut Bacteria, Irradiate queens to make them infertile. -

-similar to lucerne weevil, but the lucerne weevil is univoltine and clover weevil bioltine -explained higher pop densities -high densities correlated with wet spring conditions, greater damage and higher overwintering pops. Implications for Irrigation Schedules.

-damage white clover, larvae feed on roots -threat to clover pastures,seedling survival -N-Fixation by Roots Increases prtein levels : implications for Dairy -Clover replaced animal based protein feed, prevent mad cow disease -Economic cost of loss of clover N fixation is 300 million.

-Short term cultural practices by farmers: Examine cultivation and fallow periods,testing insecticide exclusion barriers: ineffective, methods of clover re establishment, coating seeds with pesticides ineffective -Clover Resistant varieties: 250 lines selected and evaluated for 3 years, some indication of resistance or tolerance to weevil -biological control: classical or pathogens

-Lucerne Weevil Parasitoid tested: ineffective, -pathogen research: Beauveria Fungus, Bacillus Bacterium, Combine with aggregation pheromones for developing attract and infect technology

-need for better interception and monitoring programs -developing research mangement programs difficult -involving farmers early on helped to garner support -recognition of importance of collaborative research with europeans -abundance of clover resource indicator of potential pest problems

dominated by birds and reptiles except for bats, no native land mammals.

-maori people intoduced dogs and rats -35 bird species hunted to extinction -rats eliminated flightless insects and reptiles later europeans introduced more than 90 vertebrates

Dog that killed sheep black rat

-9 native bird species no extinct -predation by introduced mammals like rats, cats, stoats (short taile dweasels) -predation adn competition by mammals threaten native reptiles and frogs

stoats were a failed attempt for bio Control of Rabbits

-introduced and negatively impacted native fish pops -ignored due to popularity of fishing -illegally introduced RUdd and Koi carp classified as noxious

-Possum deer and goats impact flora -rats cats and stoats agents of faunal changes ---large flightless birds esp. vulnerable like the brown kiwi which is NZ's favorite bird. -IUCN Red List - 69 of 287 birds threatened highest of any country , surviving only on mammal free islands

Impacting flora, selective browsing of native plants -Vector of BOVINE TB total cost for possum TB research 82 million NZ $

-DE (cost of prevention and control) -LEO (loss of economic control) -Welfare loss (new category) -- pest presence and impact on conservation lands.

Prevention: Quarantine and Border Control Cost -Control: Research, Pest Control and Surveillance -New pest introductions rare : Investment in prevents, surveillance, includes plant disease invertebrates and vertebrates

-Campbell island: cattle, sheep, and rats -Raoul Island _goats, rats -Kapiti Island_possums rats -Codfish island_possum, rats -Enderby Island-Rabbits and mice

-losses to agriculture, forestry and erosion, control plantings -Immence potential damage to economy from transmission of Bovine TB.. DE 70 mill NZ $, ---Exports of produce, beef and venison threatened by import restrictons of trading partners -dairy produce earn more the 3 billion dollars

-losses of ag. production, horticulture, and forestry $6.8 million, displacement of sheep $50 million -illegal introduction of RCD in 1996 temporarily reduced rabbit pop.s -hare popls increasing as rabbits decline --one alien lagomorph displacing another =---hares damage forestry plantations by seedling browsing

-pigs -prey on lambs, minor Bovine TB Vector -Ferrets-minor bovine TB vector -rats and mice--pests of stored products, food industries and households -sparrows starlings, Rooks, Blackbirds, mmyanas and finches damage fruit and other crops TOTAL PRODUCTION LOSSES FROM INOR PESTS IS nz 10 million

-Alien Vertebrates threaten natural environment and native species ----public resistance to use of anticoagulants: fear that toxins used on possums and rats will accumulate in deer and pig, pose risk to hunters and dogs, -deliberate introductions of biocontrols to control alien vertebrates: Rabbits-weasels, myxomatosis, RCD

-possums, rodents, and hedgehogs: Leptospirosis -Possums: ross river virus carried by aedes mosquito -DE (Medicine, sanitiation LEO- lost working time

$3.4 billion -Major drain to NZ economy .48 % of GDP

alien introductions potentially harmful unless proven otherwise.

Vespid wasp and clover root weevil

1) production of 1000's of workers following 1 mating 2)short generation times high reproductive rates 3)high dispersal capacity 4) lack of natural enemies and survival in a wide range of habitats and climates

An ecological cost of the impact of organisms on natural areas/ pest presence and impact on conservation areas

Bushy tail possum vector of Bovine Tb Feral dogs hydatidosis

a and b

Rabbits

European Hare

Biosecurity Act

All of the above

introducing natural enemies

biopesticides

only occurring on that island or area