question

What characteristic do all individuals with cerebral palsy have?

answer

A form of motor disability

question

Which term refers to excessive fluid collecting between the layers of the tunica vaginalis?

answer

Hydrocele

question

Which of the following refers to fibrocystic breast disease?

answer

Fibrocystic breast disease is progressive development of fluid-filled cysts and fibrous tissue

question

Which is/are sexually transmitted infection(s) usually considered asymptomatic in women?

answer

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis

question

What is the probable source of an embolus causing a CVA?

answer

Common carotid artery

question

Which of the following characteristics indicates the CSF is normal?

answer

Clear and colorless fluid

question

Which of the following are common early significant signs of acute prostatitis?

answer

Soft, tender, enlarged gland and dysuria

question

A hard nodule in the peripheral area of the prostate gland is typical of:

answer

A malignant tumor

question

Which of the following STDs is considered to be a systemic infection?

answer

Syphilis

question

What is characteristic of multiple sclerosis?

answer

Remissions and exacerbations

question

Which of the following is the common first site for metastasis from prostatic cancer?

answer

Bone

question

Which of the following applies to cerebral palsy?

answer

Cerebral palsy is nonprogressive brain damage to the fetus or neonate.

question

What is a major predisposing factor to cervical cancer?

answer

Sexually transmitted diseases, particularly viral

question

A brain tumor causes headache because the tumor:

answer

Stretches the meninges and blood vessel walls

question

Which term refers to bleeding between menstrual periods?

answer

Metrorrhagia

question

Which of the following applies to Parkinson's disease?

answer

Onset typically occurs in men and women over 60 years of age

question

How do testicular tumors usually present?

answer

Hard, painless mass

question

Which of the following statements applies to malignant brain tumors?

answer

Primary brain tumors rarely metastasize outside the CNS

question

Which of the following is caused by an irregular curvature of the cornea or lens?

answer

Astigmatism

question

What may result from cryptorchidism?

answer

Infertility and Testicular cancer

question

What is the primary cause of type I diabetes?

answer

Destruction of pancreatic cells by an autoimmune reaction

question

What is the cause of Tinea infections?

answer

Fungus

question

How can pediculosis be diagnosed?

answer

The presence of nits at the base of hair shafts

question

Which of the following does not usually develop as a complication of diabetes?

answer

Osteoporosis

question

What disease does human papilloma virus cause?

answer

Human papillomavirus causes plantar warts

question

Which of the following may cause insulin shock to develop in a diabetic person?

answer

Vomiting

question

Which of the following would identify an open or compound fracture?

answer

The skin and soft tissue is exposed at the fracture site

question

What is the prognosis for osteoarthritis?

answer

Damage is irreversible and usually progressive

question

Which statement applies to menisci?

answer

They are fibrocartilage and they prevent excessive movement of joints.

question

Which statement defines a sprain?

answer

Tear in a ligament

question

Choose the statement that applies to type I diabetes mellitus.

answer

Onset often occurs during childhood

question

All of the following predispose to osteoporosis except:

answer

Estrogen replacement therapy does not predispose a person to osteoporosis

question

What is the cause of psoriasis?

answer

Increased mitosis and shedding of epithelium

question

What is the most common cause of endocrine abnormalities?

answer

Benign tumor

question

Which of the following is characteristic of osteoarthritis?

answer

Degeneration of articulating cartilage in the large joints

question

What is a sign of a dislocation?

answer

Deformity at a joint.

question

Where is a Colles' fracture located?

answer

Wrist (distal radius)

question

What is the basic pathology of rheumatoid arthritis?

answer

A systemic inflammatory disorder due to an autoimmune reaction

question

Which signs are typical of Graves' disease?

answer

Exophthalmos, heat intolerance, and restlessness are typical signs of Grave's disease.

question

What is the definition of achalasia?

answer

Lack of a nerve plexus to relax the lower esophageal sphincter

question

Where does urine flow?

answer

Urine flows from the collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder

question

Which of the following describes the supply of bile following a cholecystectomy?

answer

Small amounts of bile are continuously secreted and flow into the duodenum

question

Common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following except:

answer

Hyperlipidemia

question

What is a cause of acute tubule necrosis and renal failure?

answer

Prolonged circulatory shock, sudden significant exposure to nephrotoxins, crush injuries or burns

question

Which of the following is likely to lead to acute gastritis?

answer

Allergy to shellfish

question

What is the primary action of the diuretic furosemide?

answer

Used to eliminate water and salt from the body

question

Which of the following is true of the visceral peritoneum?

answer

It forms the outer covering of the stomach and intestines The visceral peritoneum is the outer covering of the stomach and intestines.

question

Oral candidiasis is considered to:

answer

Be an opportunistic fungal infection of the mouth

question

Which disease is manifested by dysuria and pyuria?

answer

Cystitis

question

An agent used to promote weight loss is:

answer

Orlistat

question

What is a common cause of gastroenteritis due to Salmonella?

answer

Raw or undercooked poultry or eggs

question

A digestant is intended to:

answer

Replace deficient enzymes of the gastrointestinal tract

question

What is a predisposing factor to bladder cancer?

answer

Exposure to chemicals and cigarette smoke

question

What is thie primary cause of esophageal varices?

answer

Portal hypertension

question

Which of the following congenital defects is a common cause of cystitis in young children?

answer

Vesicoureteral reflux

question

Which of the following apply to cleft palate?

answer

The hard and soft palates do not fuse during the first trimester

question

Which of the following is the primary site for absorption of nutrients?

answer

Ileum

question

What is/are common locations for oral cancer?

answer

Floor of the mouth or tongue borders

question

uretics are generally administered in the:

answer

Morning

question

Which of the following activities does not require muscle contractions and energy?

answer

Quiet expiration

question

What does orthopnea mean?

answer

Difficulty breathing in a recumbent position

question

What describes the basic pathophysiology of myocardial infarction?

answer

Total obstruction of a coronary artery causes myocardial necrosis

question

Which of the following is a major factor contributing to the current increase in cases of tuburculosis?

answer

The increase in immunodeficient individuals

question

When does flail chest occur?

answer

Several ribs are fractured at two sites

question

What does the term arteriosclerosis specifically refer to?

answer

Degeneration with loss of elasticity and obstruction in small arteries

question

Which of the following would be significant signs of bronchiectasis?

answer

Chronic cough producing large quantities of purulent sputum

question

Which of the following drugs decreases sodium and fluid retention in the body?

answer

Hydrochlorothiazide (drug prescribed to decrease Na and fluid retention in the body)

question

Why does ventricular fibrillation result in cardiac arrest?

answer

Insufficient blood is supplied to the myocardium

question

Which are predisposing factors to thrombus formation in the circulation?

answer

Damaged blood vessel walls, immobility, and prosthetic valves are all predisposing factors to thrombus formation in the circulation.

question

What are typical signs and symptoms of epiglottitis?

answer

Sudden fever, sore throat, and drooling saliva

question

What is the cause of chronic bronchitis?

answer

Chronic irritation, inflammation, and infection of the larger airways

question

Loss of blood supply in a limb may lead to:

answer

Necrosis, ulcers, gangrene

question

How is acute sinusitis usually manifested?

answer

Severe localized pain and tenderness in the face

question

What is the most common cause of viral pneumonia?

answer

Influenza virus

question

An atheroma develops from:

answer

Accumulated lipids, cells, and fibrin where endothelial injury has occurred

question

Factors that may precipitate an angina attack include all of the following except:

answer

Walking down stairs

question

What drug is taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion?

answer

Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA or Aspirin)

question

Cigarette smoking is a risk factor in coronary artery disease because it:

answer

Promotes thrombus formation

question

Which are the first arteries to branch off the aorta?

answer

Coronary arteries

question

Which of the following is an enzyme that is used in cancer chemotherapy?

answer

Pegaspargase

question

What are typical early general signs/symptoms of anemia?

answer

Pallor, dyspnea, and fatigue

question

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma differs from Hodgkin's lymphoma in that non-Hodgkin's lymphoma usually presents as:

answer

Multiple, scattered, enlarged and painless lymph nodes

question

Radiation therapy destroys:

answer

Primarily rapidly dividing cells

question

One reason for staging a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis is to:

answer

Determine the best treatment and the prognosis

question

Individuals with type O blood are considered to be universal donors because their blood:

answer

Type O blood lacks A and B antigens.

question

With the acute leukemias, the increased number of malignant leukocytes leads to:

answer

Decreased hemoglobin, thrombocytopenia, constant bone pain, and splenomegaly

question

What would be the result of a reduced number of erythrocytes in the blood?

answer

A decreased hematocrit

question

Glucocorticoids are often prescribed during a course of chemotherapy and radiation because:

answer

Inflammation around the tumor may be reduced

question

Which of the following is typical of Hodgkin's disease?

answer

Initial tumor is single, painless, enlarged lymph node, often cervical

question

Petechiae and purpura are common signs of:

answer

Increased bleeding tendencies

question

What is the grading of newly diagnosed malignant tumors based on?

answer

Degree of differentiation of the cells

question

What is a common predisposing factors to leukemia?

answer

Exposure to radiation

question

Which of the following is an example of an antiandrogen?

answer

Nilutamide, bicalutamide, flutamide, megestrol

question

Hydroxyurea is believed to function in cancer therapy by:

answer

Interfering with the formation of DNA

question

Which anemia is considered to result from a malabsorption problem?

answer

Pernicious anemia

question

The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass include:

answer

The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass include obstruction of a tube or duct and cell necrosis and ulceration.

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign tumor?

answer

Cells appear relatively normal

question

What is the cause of sickle-cell anemia?

answer

A defective gene inherited from both parents

question

Iron-deficiency anemia frequently results from any of the following except:

answer

Iron-deficiency anemia does not result from diabetes mellitus.

question

The role of memory cells is to:

answer

Memory cells support the immune response by recognizing certain antigens

question

What method do viruses use to replicate?

answer

Using a host cell to produce and assemble components

question

Prolonged administration of glucocorticoids such as prednisone, may cause:

answer

Prolonged administration of glucocorticoids may cause atrophy of lymphoid tissue and decreased protein synthesis.

question

Varicella is another word for

answer

Chickenpox

question

The warmth and redness related to the inflammatory response results from:

answer

Increased blood flow into the area

question

Glucocorticoids are used to treat inflammation because they directly:

answer

Decrease capillary permeability

question

Which area of the body is sterile?

answer

Stomach

question

1 kg equals _____ pounds.

answer

2.2 pounds.

question

HIV is transmitted by:

answer

Blood, semen, and vaginal secretions from an infected person

question

Which of the following is not classified as protozoa?

answer

Mycoplasma pneumonia

question

Humoral immunity is mediated by:

answer

Humoral immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes.

question

A serious side effect of the immunosuppressives is:

answer

An increased susceptibility to infections

question

Routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of:

answer

Preventative measure

question

Which of the following is a factor that may affect drug dosage?

answer

Weight

question

Most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?

answer

An unwanted effect of a prescribed drug

question

Which of the following is an agent used to treat the anemia that often occurs after chemotherapy?

answer

Epoetin alfa

question

Which of the following is an example of an antitumor antibiotic?

answer

Dactinomycin

question

Neoplasms are caused by?

answer

Uncontrolled cell division

question

The most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy include:

answer

Thrombocytopenia and Leukopenia

question

What is the spread of malignant cells through blood and lymph to distant sites called

answer

Metastasis

question

ABCESS

answer

A localized pocket of infection or purulent exudate surrounded by inflammation.

question

ACETAMINOPHENEN

answer

An analgesic for mild pain and antipyretic. Does not lessen inflammatory response.

question

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID

answer

Drug taken in small doses on a continuing basis to reduce platelet adhesion. Treats pain, fever, arthritis, and inflammation. It may also be used to reduce the risk of heart attack.

question

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

answer

Prolonged severe vasoconstriction and reduced blood supply to the kidney. Reduced blood supply causes tubular necrosis, obstruction of filtrate flow and cessation of glomerular filtration or shutdown. In some cases permanent kidney damage may result.

question

ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

answer

Progressive loss of intellectual function that eventually interferes with life. Progressive cortical atrophy (leads to dilated ventricles, widening of sulci). Deficit of Acetylcholine (ACh). Cause is unknown. Form of dementia. Typical early signs are behavioral changes and inability to reason.

question

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS

answer

Degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. Progressive wasting of skeletal muscle. Intellect persists. Leads to paralysis. Typical early signs are weakness and muscle atrophy in upper limbs.

question

ANAPHYLAXIS

answer

Life-threatening, systemic hypersensitivity reaction causing circulatory shock and airway obstruction. It typically causes a number of symptoms including an itchy rash, throat swelling, and low blood pressure. Primary treatment is injection of epinephrine.

question

ANGINA PECTORIS

answer

Transient chest pain resulting from myocardial hypoxia when demands on the heart increase or oxygen supply to the heart is impaired.

question

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

answer

Long term type of arthritis. Affects bones/joints at the base of the spine where it connects with the pelvis. Joints become swollen/inflamed. Overtime, the affected spinal bones join together.

question

ANTICHOLINESTERASE AGENTS

answer

May be prescribed as a temporary relief of Myasthenia Gravis.

question

ANTICOAGULANTS

answer

Class of drugs that work to prevent the coagulation of blood. Such substances occur naturally in leeches and blood-sucking insects.

question

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS

answer

Classes of drugs used only in the treatment of hypertension: a common adverse effect is orthostatic hypertension.

question

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

answer

Class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections. Like antibiotics for bacteria, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. Unlike most antibiotics, antiviral drugs do not destroy their target pathogen; instead they inhibit their development.

question

AORTIC STENOSIS

answer

The aortic valve doesn't fully open. Decrease in blood flow from the heart. Aorta is the main artery carrying blood out of the heart. When blood leaves the heart it flows through they aortic valve, into the aorta.

question

ATHERSCLOROSIS

answer

Hardening of the arteries. It occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in the walls of arteries and form hard structures called plaques. Over time, these plaques can block the arteries and cause problems throughout the body. Elevated blood lipid levels. Common cause of angina, myocaridial infarction and/or stroke.

question

ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

answer

A valve in the heart through which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles.Between left atrium and left ventricle is the mitral (bicuspid) valve. Between right atrium and right ventricle is the tricuspid valve.

question

ATROPHY

answer

Degeneration and wasting of tissue, organs, or muscle due to decrease in cell size resulting in a reduced tissue mass. Partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body.

question

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE

answer

Condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.

question

BACTERIAL ENDOSPORE

answer

Dormant, non-reproductive and enzymatically inert forms of bacterial vegetative cells. Hardy, defensive structures. Sporulation is the ability to form endospores (rare talent). Can survive high temperatures and dry environment.

question

BASILAR FRACTURE

answer

Occurs at the base of the skull and are often accompanied by leaking of CSF through the ears or nose. May occur when forehead hits a car windshield.

question

B-CELL LYMPHOMA

answer

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Multiple node involvement scattered throughout the body and a non-organized pattern of widespread metastases, often present at diagnosis.

question

BIOSYNTHETIC SKIN SUBSTITUTE

answer

Acts as a temporary wound covering. The body's own cells migrate in, heal the wound and replace the skin substitute. An "artificial skin" graft material when skin is damaged.

question

BLOOD TYPES

answer

Blood type is ABO and Rh Group. Determined by the presence of specific antigens on the cell membranes of that persons erythrocytes. Error in typing when transfusing leads to erythrocyte hemolysis.

question

BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA

answer

Arising from the bronchial epithelium. Most common type of malignant lung cancer.

question

CANCER

answer

Malignant Neoplasia. Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells.

question

CARDIAC ARREST

answer

Cessation of all activity in the heart. No conduction of impulses, and the ECG shows a flat line.

question

CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS

answer

Irregular heart rhythms. Disturbances in the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. Tachycardia = Rapid HR Bradycardia = Slow HR A-Fib/Flutter = Irregular or Rapid HR

question

CARRIER

answer

a person hosting an infectious pathogen, who shows no signs of the disease, but could transit the infection to others (Also may pass on genetic abnormalities while being asymptomatic - i.e. Sickle Cell Trait)

question

CAUSES

answer

the known cause of and factors predisposing to specific diseases

question

CELL

answer

The base unit that is the functional and structural unit in the human body. Smallest unit of life that can replicate independently. Eukaryotes = Contain a nucleus Prokaryotes = Don't contain a nucleus

question

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (STROKE)

answer

A CVA or a stroke is an infarction of brain tissue resulting from a thrombus, embolus or hemorrhage and causing permanent loss of brain tissue.

question

CHLAMYDIA

answer

A common STD that may cause PID in women. Pathogen = Chlamydia Trachomatis (gram negative obligate intracellular parasite, which requires a host cell to reproduce). Mild dysuria & discharge or asymptomatic.

question

CHOLELITHIASIS

answer

Refers to formation of gallstones, which are masses of solid material or calculi that form in the bile.

question

CHOLOEDOLITHIASIS

answer

Reduced to minute particles or fragments. (of a fracture) producing multiple bone splinters.

question

COMMINUTED

answer

Fracture in which there are multiple fracture lines and bone fragments.

question

COMPRESSION FRACTURE

answer

Common in the vertebrae. Occurring when a bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces.

question

COUMADIN

answer

Helps to prevent new blood clots from forming, and helps to keep existing blood clots from getting worse. This medicine is a blood thinner (anticoagulant).

question

CULTURE & SENSITIVITY TESTS

answer

Evaluation of fluid, tissue or other products of the body to look for the presence of abnormal cells indicating presence of viruses, bacteria or fungi. Tests performed to identify the type of bacteria and to determine which antibiotics can successfully fight an infection.

question

CYSTIC FIBROSIS

answer

Genetic disorder affecting the exocrine glands causing thick mucus to obstruct the bronchioles in the lungs, pancreatic and biliary ducts. Children born with cystic fibrosis will have delayed growth and development due to mucus plugs obstructing the flow of pancreatic enzymes. Respiratory infections are common. Inherited disorder (recessive gene).

question

DETACHED RETINA

answer

A tear in the retina deprives the retinal cells of nutrients which, if prolonged, may cause permanent loss of vision. Retina tears away from the underlying choroid. No pain, but increasing dark area in the visual field.

question

DIABETES MELLITUS

answer

Caused by a relative deficit of insulin secretion from the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans or by the lack of response by cells to insulin. High levels of sugar in the blood. Leads to hyperglycemia and multiple metabolic abnormalities - can occur when pancrease does not secrete sufficient insulin or body cells are resistant to insulin's effects - the glucose level in the blood becomes quite high after the ingestion of carbohydrates

question

DIGOXIN

answer

Treats certain heart rhythm problems (atrial fibrillation). Also used to treat heart failure, usually in combination with a diuretic (water pill) and an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Drug that improves cardiac efficiency by slowing the heart rate and increasing the force of cardiac contractions.

question

DYSPLASIA

answer

Tissue in which the cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present, and the rate of mitosis is increased. Atypical cells, malignant changes. Chronic irritation infection.

question

EDEMA

answer

The accumulation of excess fluid in cells, tissue, or a cavity, resulting in swelling.

question

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM

answer

Recording of electrical activity along the scalp. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain. Diagnostic tool used to both confirm a diagnosis of seizures and classify the type of seizure.

question

EMBOLUS/THROMBUS

answer

Detached, traveling intravascular mass carried by circulation, which is capable of clogging arterial capillary beds at a site distant from its point of origin. A mass (e.g., blood clot, air, fat, tumor cells) that breaks away into the circulation and obstructs a blood vessel.

question

ENCEPHALITIS

answer

Irritation and swelling (inflammation) of the brain, most often due to infections. Often transmitted by mosquitoes.

question

ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA

answer

Cancer that starts in the endometrium, the lining of the uterus (womb). Early sign are minor vaginal bleeding or spotting.

question

ENDOMETRIOSIS

answer

Defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, on structures such as the ovaries, ligaments, or colon. Female health disorder that occurs when cells from the lining of the womb (uterus) grow in other areas of the body. This can lead to pain, irregular bleeding, and problems getting pregnant (infertility).

question

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

answer

Anaerobic parasitic protozoan, part of the genus Entamoeba. Predominantly infecting humans and other primates, E. histolytica is estimated to infect about 50 million people worldwide. Transmitted by cysts in feces, contaminating food and water.

question

EPIDURAL HEMATOMA

answer

Type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in which a buildup of blood occurs between the dura mater (the tough outer membrane of the central nervous system) and the skull. Contusion, bruise, or clot of blood located between dura and skull.

question

EPINEPHRINE

answer

Treats severe allergic reactions (including anaphylaxis) in an emergency situation. Bronchodilator with rapid action, and short duration.

question

EPITHELIAL CELLS

answer

First cells to be most affected by chemo and radiation treatments.

question

ETIOLOGY

answer

The study of the causes of a disease.

question

FAT EMBOLI

answer

Type of pulmonary emboli from the bone marrow resulting from fracture of a large bone like the femur causing pulmonary inflammation and obstruction.

question

FULL-THICKNESS BURN

answer

Destroys all skin layers - dry, firm, charred or white surface after burn.

question

HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE (HCTZ)

answer

Used alone or together with other medicines to treat high blood pressure and fluid retention (edema). This medicine is a diuretic (water pill).

question

GENERAL CUTANEOUS VASODILATION

answer

What increases peripheral blood flow during periods of the inflammatory process?

question

GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

answer

Type of kidney disease in which the part of your kidneys that helps filter waste and fluids from the blood is damaged. Acute bilateral glomerulonephritis may cause acute renal failure.

question

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

answer

Class of steroid hormones that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor, which is present in almost every vertebrate animal cell. Long-term drug use does not give relief of fever, but may result in decreased secretion from the adrenal cortex gland leading to Cushing's disease.

question

GREENSTICK FRACTURE

answer

A fracture in a young, soft bone in which the bone bends and breaks.

question

GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME

answer

A serious disorder that occurs when the body's defense (immune) system mistakenly attacks part of the nervous system. This leads to nerve inflammation that causes muscle weakness and other symptoms. Autoimmune disorder with inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves leading to ascending paralysis.

question

HEMORRHAGIC CVA

answer

A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in part of the brain becomes weak and bursts open, causing blood to leak into the brain. Type of CVA with poorest prognosis for survival.

question

HEPARIN

answer

Prevents clots in the blood vessels before or after surgery or during certain medical procedures. Also treats certain blood, heart, and lung disorders and helps diagnose and treat certain bleeding disorders. This medicine is a blood thinner.

question

HISTAMINE

answer

Organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter. Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response.

question

HIV POSITIVE

answer

Status = Presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and antibodies in the blood, without signs of active infection . HIV infection impairs both humeral and cell-mediated immunity.

question

HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA

answer

A malignancy involving the T-lymphocytes. Cancer of lymph tissue. Lymph tissue is found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and other sites.

question

HOST-VERSUS-GRAFT

answer

Transplant rejection that occurs when the host, or recipient's immune system rejects the graft or transplanted organ.

question

HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE OR CHOREA

answer

An inherited disorder with onset in adulthood where progressive atrophy of the brain affects motor and cognitive functions one of three genetic diseases with disorders of biochemical abnormalities involving the neurotransmitters of the brain - other two are Bipolar disorders and schizophrenia.

question

HYPERTENSION

answer

This disease process is most likely to cause ischemia and loss of function to the brain, kidneys, and retinas when uncontrolled.

question

HYPERTROPHY OF THE HEART

answer

Increased size of the cardiac muscle due to increased size of individual cells causes.

question

INCUBATION PERIOD

answer

The time between exposure to the microorganism and the onset of signs or symtoms.

question

INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION

answer

Leg pain associated with exercise due to muscle ischemia is called.

question

KAPOSI'S SARCOMA

answer

A skin cancer now frequently associated with AIDS.

question

LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTPUT

answer

Equal to right ventricular output in a normal, healthy heart.

question

LESION

answer

Term used to describe a specific local change in the tissue.

question

LEUKEMIAS

answer

A form of cancer primarily treated by chemotherapy

question

LOCAL VASOCONSTRICTION

answer

May be achieved by the application of ice to a localized injury to reduce edema.

question

LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS

answer

Promotes the formation of atheromas

question

MALIGNANT NEOPLASM

answer

Often referred to as cancer.

question

MELENA

answer

Black, tarry stool caused by bleeding in the digestive tract (not occult blood).

question

MENINGITIS

answer

An infection of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord causing increased intracranial pressure and Infection.

question

MICROBIAL MUTATION

answer

Viral changes slightly during replication.

question

MULTIPLE MYELOMA

answer

A form of cancer involving the plasma cells, which invade the bone marrow, destroying bones in the vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, and skull.

question

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

answer

A group of chronic progressive disorders, resulting from demyelination in the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves.

question

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

answer

A chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that may be temporarily relieved by anticholinesterase agents.

question

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

answer

Obstruction of a coronary artery causes necrosis of heart tissue, impairing pumping ability and/or conduction (heart attack).

question

NECROSIS

answer

Death or destruction of tissue.

question

NEUTROPENIA

answer

A deficit of neutrophils in the blood caused by chemo and radiation leading to high risk for infections.

question

ORGAN SYSTEM

answer

A group of organs performing similar or complimentary functions within the body.

question

OSTEODYSTOPHY

answer

Associated with chronic renal failure due to the failure of the kidney to activate Vitamin D.

question

OSTEOPOROSIS

answer

Loss of bone density and mass leading to fragile bones and spontaneous fractures.

question

ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION

answer

A common adverse effect of anti-hypertensive medications.

question

OTORRHEA

answer

A seepage of CSF from the ear, especially a purulent one.

question

PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME

answer

The effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells.

question

PARKINSON'S DISEASE

answer

Early manifestations - tremors while at rest of the hands and difficulty in initiating voluntary movements.

question

PATHOLOGIC FRACTURE

answer

Stress or pressure fractures due to disease , chemo, or radiation.

question

PERICARDIAL CAVITY

answer

A potential space containing a very small amount of serous fluid.

question

PERICARDITIS

answer

Inflammation or infection of the pericardium (a fibrous sac surrounding the heart). Causes may be infection, abnormal immune responses, injury, malignant neoplasms.

question

PLEURAL EFFUSION

answer

Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity.

question

POST-POLIO SYNDROME

answer

Late signs may be progressive fatigue and weakness.

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PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE VS SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

answer

Primary Immune response is responding to precise microorganism that immune system has not yet encountered. Secondary Immune response is responding to an exact repeat of microorganism or virus (not a mutated form).

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PROGNOSIS

answer

The probable outcome of a disease.

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PROSTAGLANDINS

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Chemical mediator along with histamine.

question

PULMONARY EDEMA

answer

Causes severe hypoxia because of increasing difficulty in expanding the lungs.

question

PULMONARY EMBOLUS

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An obstruction of a blood vessel in the lungs.

question

RAPID HEALING

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What is promoted by closely approximated edges of a wound?

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REGENERATION

answer

Tissue repair through replacement by identical functioning cells.

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REGIONAL ILEITIS

answer

Chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the ileum interfering with absorption of proteins and nutrients causing protein and vitamin deficiency.

question

RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

answer

Most common acquired heart disease in children in many countries of the world, especially in developing countries. The global burden of disease caused by rheumatic fever currently falls disproportionately on children living in the developing world, especially where poverty is widespread. RHD is a chronic heart condition caused by rheumatic fever that can be prevented and controlled. Rheumatic fever is caused by a preceding group A streptococcal (strep) infection. Treating strep throat with antibiotics can prevent rheumatic fever.

question

SCAR TISSUE

answer

Consists primarily of collagen fibers.

question

SECONDARY POLYCTHEMIA

answer

Associated with severe chronic bronchitis.

question

SECRETIN

answer

One of the hormones that is secreted by the duodenum when acidic chyme reaches it and stimulates the pancreas during the digestive process.

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SEROUS EXUDATE

answer

Serous - watery secretion.

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SEVERE ADULT RESPIRATORY SYNDROME - (SARS)

answer

An emerging viral infection (coronavirus) that causes severe congestion in the lungs and hypoxia.

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SHOCK

answer

Decreased circulating blood and tissue perfusion is caused by ______.

question

SICKLE CELL TRAIT

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Not a disease, but having it means that a person has inherited the sickle cell gene from one of his or her parents. People with SCT usually do not have any of the symptoms of sickle cell disease (SCD) and live a normal life.

question

SPINA BIFIDA

answer

A developmental congenital disorder caused by the incomplete closing of the embryonic neural tube. Some vertebrae overlying the spinal cord are not fully formed and remain unfused and open. If the opening is large enough, this allows a portion of the spinal cord to protrude through the opening in the bones.

question

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA

answer

A type of skin cancer. Skin cancer falls into two groups: nonmelanoma and melanoma. Squamous cell is a type of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Painless, malignant tumor of the epidermis.

question

STREPTOKINAS

answer

An enzyme secreted by several species of streptococci that can bind and activate human plasminogen. SK is used as an effective and inexpensive thrombolysis medication in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism.

question

STROKE VOLUME

answer

Volume of blood pumped from one ventricle in one contraction.

question

The outer STRUCTURE OF A VIRUS

answer

A protein coat which encases either RNA or DNA.

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SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION

answer

Causes the heart rate to increase.

question

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULATION

answer

Slows down heart rate.

question

SYPHILIS

answer

Bacterial Infection STD.

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SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

answer

An autoimmune disease caused by immune complex deposits of antinuclear antibodies and is distinguished clinically by inflammation in multiple organs. (Not by a rash on any part of the body for this exam).

question

T-CELL LYMPHOMA

answer

A malignancy involving the T-lymphocytes that first develops in a single lymph node then spreads in an orderly fashion.

question

TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

answer

A congenital heart defect that includes pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy.

question

THALASEMIA

answer

A genetic defect in hemoglobin causes premature hemolysis of RBCs and severe anemia.

question

TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACKS

answer

Vascular disorder caused by temporary reductions in blood supply in an area of the brain causing brief impairment of speech or motor function.

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TRANSMISSION OF MICROBES

answer

Disease is spread through: Direct contact: touching an infectious lesion or sexual intercourse Indirect contact: involves intermediary such as a contaminated hand or food, objects Vector borne: when an insect or animal serves as an intermediary host in a disease such as malaria Droplets and airborne: involves inhaling respiratory and salivary excretion of an infected person directly or indirectly

question

TRICHOMONIASIS

answer

Causes inflammation of the vagina with a copious yellow discharge and foul odor.

question

UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION

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This disease process affects these body organs - Primarily: kidney, heart, and retinas.

question

VARICOSE VEINS

answer

Dilated and tortuous areas of superficial or deep veins in the legs.

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VENTRICULAR OUTPUT

answer

The volume of blood ejected by a ventricle in one minute and depends on heart rate and stroke volume - will be equal for right and left ventricle in a normal healthy heart.

question

VITAMIN K

answer

Required by the liver to synthesize prothrombin - NOT required by bone marrow to synthesize hemoglobin.

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YEASTS

answer

Cause opportunistic infections.

question

BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKING DRUGS

answer

Prescribed to decrease the sympathetic stimulation of the heart and reduce the force of contractions.

question

FIBRINOGEN

answer

Protein that is formed into solid fibrin strands during the clotting process and forms a fibrin mesh around the area in an attempt to localize the injurious agent.

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HEART MURMUR

answer

Defective valves that leak or do not open completely cause a

question

FEVER

answer

Caused by the release of pyrogens during an inflammatory process.

question

CONTACT DERMATITIS

answer

Skin rash resulting from hypersensitivity reaction or direct irritation following direct exposure to a substance.

question

STAPHYLOCOCCI

answer

Bacteria that form a cluster of spheres are called.

question

ZIDOVUDINE

answer

Treats HIV and AIDS infection. Zidovudine does not cure HIV or AIDS, but combinations of drugs that treat HIV infection may slow progress of the disease.

question

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

answer

Medications that cause atrophy of lymphoid tissue and decreased protein synthesis.

question

IATROGENIC DISEASE

answer

A treatment, a procedure or an error may cause a disease, which is then described as iatrogenic. Examples of iatrogenic disease are a bladder infection following catheterization, or bone marrow damage caused by a prescribed drug.

question

CUSHING'S SYNDROME

answer

Disorder that occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol. It may also occur if you take too much cortisol or other steroid hormones. This can be caused by taking glucocorticoid drugs, or diseases that result in excess cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), or CRH levels.

question

ADDISON'S DISEASE

answer

Adrenal glands don't produce enough of their hormones. Deficiency of adrenocortical secretions, the gluticocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and androgens. Cause is usually an autoimmune reaction.

question

MICROFLORA - RESIDENT/NORMAL FLORA

answer

Different species inhabit various areas of the body.

question

LOCAL SIGNS OF INFECTION

answer

Pain, erythema and swelling.

question

CHEMICAL MEDIATORS - INFLAMMATION

answer

Histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

question

TID

answer

3 times per day.

question

BENADRYL - PRIMARY SIDE EFFECT

answer

Drowsiness.

question

MANIFESTATIONS OF A DISEASE

answer

Signs and Symptoms.

question

NEUTROPHILS

answer

Phagocytic cells.

question

BODY TEMPERATURE - CELSIUS

answer

37 Degrees Celsius (98.6 Degrees Fahrenheit)

question

NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION

answer

Infection acquired in a hospital or medical facility

question

MACROPHAGES

answer

Which cells are required to process and present antigens from foreign material as the initial step in the immune response?

question

Which of the following causes bronchodilation?

answer

Epinephrine

question

What happens in the lungs after the diaphragm relaxes?

answer

Air is forced out of the lungs

question

Which statement describes a coronary artery bypass procedure?

answer

Attaching a section of vein to the coronary artery proximal and distal to the obstruction

question

Obstruction in the upper airway would be indicated by:

answer

Stridor

question

What will a partial obstruction in a coronary artery likely cause?

answer

Angina attack

question

What are early signs and symptoms of infectious rhinitis?

answer

Serous nasal discharge, congestion, and sneezing

question

What is the most common cause of death immediately following a myocardial infarction?

answer

Cardiac arrhythmias

question

What are the early signs or symptoms of myocardial infarction?

answer

Persistent chest pain radiating to the left arm, pallor, and rapid, weak pulse

question

When comparing angina with myocardial infarction (MI), which statement is true?

answer

Angina pain is relieved by rest and intake of nitroglycerin; pain of MI is not

question

Calcium-channel blocking drugs are effective in:

answer

Reducing cardiac and smooth muscle contractions

question

What is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?

answer

An ascending infection by E. coli

question

Pyelonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of:

answer

Urinary casts and flank pain

question

The most common side effect of the thiazide diuretics is:

answer

Hypokalemia

question

Which of the following is related to Wilms' tumor?

answer

Genetic defect

question

Which of the following would result from obstruction of the left ureter by a renal calculus?

answer

An attack of renal colic

question

Which of the following statements applies to bile salts?

answer

They emulsify lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins

question

Why is cystitis more common in females?

answer

The urethra is short, wide and adjacent to areas with resident flora

question

What would be the result of chronic bleeding from gastric carcinoma?

answer

Occult blood in the stool and anemia

question

___________ is the involuntary discharge of urine and usually occurs at night.

answer

Enuresis

question

Which of the following processes is likely to occur in the body after a meal?

answer

Glycogenisis

question

What is a common cause of hiatal hernia?

answer

Increased intra-abdominal pressure

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