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William Lloyd Garrison

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Abolitionist. Born in Newburyport, Massachusetts. 1805-1879. Journalist. Began career as printer's apprentice. Worked as an editor in Boston for National Philanthropist (paper). Met Quaker editor of Anti-Slavery paper (Benjamin Lundy) and joined the Anti-Slavery society. Radical criticism of slavery and gradual abolition. Thought gradual abolition=no abolition. Arrested and imprisoned in 1829 for libel after criticizing a merchant involved in anti-slave trade. After release in 1830, became more determined that slavery should end immediately. Founded New England Anti-slavery society. Founded Anti-Slavery paper, The Liberator. Wrote the attestation for Frederick Douglas (acknowledge that it is true). Acknowledged the book's power.

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Wendell Phillips

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Abolitionist. A leading 19th century Reformer and Orator. Son of a wealthy Boston family. Had Degrees from Harvard College and Harvard Law School. Met William Lloyd Garrison at an Anti-Slavery Society meeting. Joined it after Garrison (his friend) was nearly lynched by a pro-slavery mob. Wrote a letter to Douglas. Wrote why he thought he should throw his narrative into the fire. Afraid for Douglas

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Charles Turner Torrey

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Leading American Abolitionist. Set up one of the first highly organized lines for the Underground railroad. Worked for Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, headed by Garrison. Disagreed with Garrison. Torrey did not want to mix in women's rights. Torrey more of an activist. Co-founded the Liberty Party. White. Wrote Memoir of William R. Saxton and Home (Pilgrim's Faith Revived)

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

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Passed by Congress as part of the Compromise of 1850 between the north and south. Controversial. Required that all escaped slaves be returned to their masters and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate. "Bloodhound law". Wisconsin Supreme Court only state high court to declare it unconstitutional.

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Joshua Glover

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Fugitive slave. Runaway slave who hid in Racine. (Underground railroad stop) Worked in a mill. Missouri slave master discovered his whereabouts. Broke into his shanty, knocked him down, and handcuffed him, threw him in jail. Crowd outside jail. Glover rescued by habeas corpus. Slavemaster arrested.

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The Narrative of Frederick Douglass

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Book by Frederick Douglass about his experience as a slave and his release.

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Characteristics of a slave narrative

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Autobiographies. Authentic voice of an enslaved person. Scenes of cruelty, heroic escapes, descriptions of plantation life, "Dear Reader'. Criticized slavery. Less emotional than a regular autobiography. Simple and direct prose. Reporting on his life. No meditating.

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Descriptions of a plantation

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Plantations were beautiful, but not for slaves. Slaves built their own homes. Maintained the houses. Slaves were skilled. Brutal. Mr. Severe and Mr. Gore were the cruelest. Large. City slaves were treated better.

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Attestation of Narrative

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Note about its authenticity. By William Lloyd Garrison. Knew Douglas. Praised him. Explains that it is written to expose slavery. Explains why Douglas excludes certain things. Why he writes in his style. A short explanation.

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Apologies in narrative

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Douglas apologizes to the readers for not giving the readers all the information they might desire, but explains that giving the information would be dangerous and could potentially be harmful to the efforts in freeing slaves.

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Criticisms of Christianity in narrative

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Writes on the Christianity of Christ vs. the Christianity of slaveholders. Slaveholders used Christianity to justify their wicked actions. Not acting the way the Bible says. Hypocrites.

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How did Frederick Douglas learn to read?

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Begins by being taught by Sophia Auld in Baltimore. Husband demands her to stop. Able to teach himself to read and write with the help of local boys

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Appeals to readers of slave narratives

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Direct address appeals to emotions. Rhetorical language. About slave life. Window into side of the story no one knew about.

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Dialogue by Sheridan between master and slave

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An Irish playwright. Speech about denouncing slavery. "The Dialogue Between a Master and Slave" was an anonymous work about a conversation between a slave caught trying to run away. Douglass learned to read reading these works. Became educated. They voiced his feeling. He began to hate slavery.

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Fight with Covey

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Covey known to "break" slaves. Douglas becomes brutish. Resolves to fight Covey. Two hour fight that Douglas wins. Covey never touches Douglas again after being overpowered.

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Douglas' experience in Baltimore

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Runs up against strained race relations. White workers worked beside free black workers, but white workers feared that the increasing number of blacks would take their jobs. Douglas learns the trade of caulking and earns the highest wages possible, always turning the them over to Auld. Frustrating. Eventually gets permission from Hugh Auld to hire out his extra time. Saves money bit by bit and makes escape to New York.

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Douglas' escape (Why so few details)

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Doesn't want to harm the movement. Dangerous for those who helped him.

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Douglas' developing sense of self as man rather than chattel

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(chattel=personal possession )

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James Weldon Johnson

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Poet. First child. Middle class. Wrote O black and unknown bards

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O Black and Unknown Bards

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A poem by James Weldon Johnson. About hope and raising yourself up. The importance of religion. About music and emotion. Feel the songs that are sung by the people of long ago.

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Lift Every Voice and Sing

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Song and poem by James Weldon Johnson.

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Why did Johnson and his brother, John Rosamond, write Lift Every Voice and Sing?

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Written for Abraham Lincoln's birthday for school Children to perform. Introduced honored guest, Booker T Washington. NAACP dubbed it the Negro National Anthem.

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Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man

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Novel by James Weldon Johnson about an african american that can pass for white.

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Themes of passing in Ex-Colored Man

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Passing as white. Contradicting success, feels average, less than he should be, loss of relations, barely satisfied, loss of pride, feels he made the wrong choice.

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Double Consciousness theme by Du Bois

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awareness of your race and being thought of as a member of your race. Your own image as well as society's image existing at the same time. Two separate images might not mix.

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Themes of masking in Ex-Colored man

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Masking your identity. Changing the way others see you. How others see you changes your view or yourself

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How ex-colored man discovered he is colored

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The principle came into his classroom while he was in school and asked all the white children to stand. Told the narrator to sit when he stood.

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Effect of knowledge of race on ex-colored man

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Starts seeing America differently, through the lens of race. Becomes wary of others. Devotes himself to music.

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Decision of Ex-colored man to become a race man

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Witnesses a lynching of a black person.

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How Johnson develops the idea of the color line

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Shows his experience on both sides of the color line. Becoming aware of the color line in school. His relationship with shiny. His experience in working in the cigar factory and in the club. In his travels.

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Problem of racism in the scene in ex-colored man o the train ride from Nashville to Atlanta

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The narrator hears two whites talking about their race, passing as white but with the knowledge that he is actually black. They are talking about how they are a great race. Had to step on the blacks to get there. Seeing the black race from the outside looking in. Race Question. Texan does not believe in racial equality. Soldier is for it.

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Description of black society in Jacksonville, Florida in Ex-Colored Man

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The black man passively struggles against the race divide in America. The Negro question is ever present for both blacks and whites. Talks about the three classes of African Americans.

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Class differences in Ex-Colored Man

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Educated and uneducated (desperate class- gives the race a bad reputation, domestic servant- simple hearted and faithful, educated- whites are suspicious of them.

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Work in the cigar factory in ex-colored man

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Worked as a reader- read books and newspapers in Spanish to the other cigar makers. Discovers the different classes of African Americans.

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Club scenes in ex-colored man

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Totally fascinating. Draws you in. Has a dark side. Gets narrator into gambling. Music evolving. Ragtime. Widow and the shooting (Husband shot widow after flirting with her)

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Ex-colored man's relationship with millionaire

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Millionaire hears him play and offers him a job playing at a party. Soon plays for him all the time. Narrator tells millionaire about the shooting and is invited to join him in his travels.

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Ex-colored man's travels with millionaire

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First to Paris. Narrator love city. Moves on to London which narrator learns to love. Then Amsterdam and Berlin. Hears German musician in Berlin turn ragtime piece into classical music. Realizes that he wants to go back to America and start composing again.

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Millionaire's advice to ex-colored man

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Advises him to stay in Europe and continue with his music there. More opportunities in Europe.

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Aesthetic dimension in Ex-colored man (music, literature, cityscapes)

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Love for music in everything he does. Descriptions of cities personified. Detail. Obsessed with beauty.

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The revival as an aesthetic event (John Brown and Singing Johnson)

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(John Brown= preacher. Singing Johnson=music leader). Swept up in their emotion. Admires their charisma. Entire crowd into it.

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Ex-colored man's relationship with women

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Lacks father figure. Women often connected to music. Mother, young violinist, wife. Craves affection.

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How ex-colored man met his wife

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He hears her singing at a party

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Ex-colored man's wife's reaction to his race

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She is devastated. Cries. Leaves the city without a word. Eventually returns and agrees to marry him.

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Ex-colored man's total absorption into white society

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Chooses to leave behind his African American identity. Marries a white woman. Abandons relationships with other blacks.

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Event that precipitated ex-colored man's flight from the black side of the color line

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Witnesses a black man being burned at the stake

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How ex-colored man takes advantage of status as a white man to make money

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Able to live and make money in a society dominated by white people without them even knowing it. Invests in real estate

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Ex colored man's comments on the "game of making money"

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Took advantage of his appearing white to make money. Got a job. Worked as a white man. Invested in real estate.

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Booker T Washington's "Atlanta Compromise" speech

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"Water water, send us water" "Cast down your buckets where you are" Blacks would not ask for the right to vote or retaliate against racist behavior. The would tolerate segregation and discrimination. Receive a free basic education, but a liberal arts education would be prohibited. Du Bois criticized this as well as other members of the talented tenth

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Du Bois's main points about Washington and his ideologies

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See chapter three

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Chapter three in Souls of Black Folk "Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Other's"

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Focus on Washington's rise to success. Believes the way Washington talks is not helpful to African Americans. Accepted black inferiority. Promotes submissiveness. Focus on personal development, not political power. Stand up against Washington's contentions. If black men are to gain education, they will be real men. In order to gain actual adulthood, they need freedom of the mind as well as money. Washington not for education.

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Chapter Fourteen in Souls of Black Folk "The Sorrow Songs"

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Afterthought. Chose songs that were important to the souls of black folk. Passed down throughout history. Begin as fully African, then African American, then African and American. Written in anger and despair. Not content with the status of African Americans. Shows the ignorance of whites about blacks. Songs symbolize hope but display despair.

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Who were the Jubilee Singers?

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A group that raised money for Fisk University. Written by Du Bois in the section about the Sorrow songs.

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Connection between what Du Bois writes about sorrow songs and James Weldon's "Oh Black and Unknown Bards"

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Both are about how the songs are a window into the feelings of African Americans. Both express passion and sorrow. Evoke emotion. Inspire rebellion. Include the whole race.

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Chapter Ten of The Souls of Black Folk "Of the Faith of Fathers"

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Rhythmic melodies. Different than usual somber services. Preacher, music, frenzy. Spirit and resilience of the Negro made Baptist and Methodist religions prominent in US. Church center of black social life. Not much difference from white churches. The church is a symbol for black community. Promote faith and hope. Blacks adopted white Christianity and make it their own.

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Compare Du Bois's description of the Southern Negro revival with that of James Weldon Johnson

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Talk about the frenzy. Both Talk about the effectiveness. Both connect the songs to religion and slavery. Johnson focus more on hope. Du Bois more on oppression

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"Three things characterized this religion of the slave-- the Preacher, the Music, and the Frenzy"

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From chapter ten of souls of black folk. The slave religion relied on these three things. Preacher had changing roles, but was always essential and at the center of the church. Negro spiritual. Rhythmic and sad melodies, growing stronger as the congregation shared in despair and hostility. Shouting in frenzy. Preacher had highest position in black community because of reliance on faith and lack of educated positions for blacks.

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The Harlem Renaissance

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Literature and art of African Americans appeal and protest. Black self-determination and economic self-sufficiency. Experimentation in arts

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The New Negro Movement

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Same as the Harlem Renaissance

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Importance of Harlem Renaissance for promoting young black artists and writers

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Black writers emerge and become popular. Claim their cultural place. Leads to social and cultural rights. Lots of talent here, but trapped by white cultural stereotypes and the control of whites

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The Crisis

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Official magazine of the NAACP. Included poems, reviews and essays on culture and history. Du Bois controlled it along with Jessica Fauset. Promoted the rise of black artists and writers. (Langston Hughes)

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Editors for the Crisis

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W.E.B Du Bois, Jessica Fauset

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Opportunity Magazine

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Academic journal that promoted African American studies and known for fostering literary culture during Harlem Renaissance. About social challenges faced by African Americans. Charles Johnson was the editor.

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Alain Locke

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Philosopher, Editor of The New Negro anthology. Gay. Art collector. Major influence on Harlem Renaisance

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The New Negro

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A collection of writings by African Americans by Alain Locke. Race-building. Awareness of potential black equality.. Many held on to this idea. Inspired other more broadly known artists like Zoe Neale Hurston.

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(Review Harlem Renaissance on Learn@UW)

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X

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Shuffle Along

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First all black musical to be produced on Broadway. Ran for over 500 performances. Produced international celebrities like Josafine Baker. Composed by Noble Sissle and Eubie Blake.

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Civic Club Dinners

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Fancy dinners in New York that honored young black writers and introduced them to well-known white writers.

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Carl Van Vechtan

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Novelist, critic, photographer, promoter of black artists and writers. Some said he was exploiting black culture. From Iowa. Race man. Preserved black history.

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Charlotte Mason

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Wealthy patron of young black artists and writers. Sponsored Zora Neale Hurston and Langston Hughes. Had control of them. Race woman.

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Langston Hughes

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Charlotte Mason Patron of him. Poet. "Bus Boy Poet" Discovered in a restaurant. Leader in Harlem Renaissance. First published in The Crisis. Criticized W.E.B. Du Boise, Jessie Redmon Fauset, and Alain LeRoy Locke as being overly accomodating to eurocentric values and culture.

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Neale Hurston

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Charlotte Mason patron of her. Folklorist, patron, and author. Had writings in the New Negro. Many criticized her use of African American dialect. Wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God. Fan of Booker T. Washington. Criticized in The Crisis.

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