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Plessy v. Ferguson

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a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

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Exodusters

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African American who migrated from the South to the Great Plains following the Civil War

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Henry McNeal Turner

answer

One of the first African Americans elected to the Georgia General Assembly in 1868; however he was expelled from his position on the grounds he could vote but could not hold office, according to the Constitution. During this time he spoke on how if African Americans wanted fair treatment immediately they needed to return to Africa.

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Benjamin Pap Singleton

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African American man who promoted the migration of other African Americans from the South, which he had escaped as a slave, to his community in Dunlop, Kansas.

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Niagara Movement

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(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman

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NAACP

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

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Booker T. Washington

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Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book \"Up from Slavery.\"

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W.E.B. DuBois

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A Harvard PhD who opposed BTW, thought that civil rights would come with legislation, and that a talented 10% should be highly educated and lead the charge for full civil rights.

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Ida B. Wells

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African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

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Red Summer

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1919 wave of riots across the US, coined by author James Weldon Johnson; describes the summer and autumn of 1919. Race riots erupted in several cities in both the North and South of the United States. The three most violent episodes happened in Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Elaine, Arkansas. These were part of a series of 20 or more race riots occurring in the U.S. where African Americans were the victims of physical attacks

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The Great Migration

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The migration of thousands of African-Americans from the South to the North. African Americans were looking to escape the problems of racism in the South and felt they could seek out better jobs and an overall better life in the North.

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Marcus Garvey

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African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

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Harlem Renaissance

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1920s black literacy and cultural movement that produced many works depicting the role of blacks in contemporary American society: Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston

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Great Depression

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Blacks had financial woes before. Females were domestic workers and males were farmers.

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Mary McLeod Bethune

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A leader in the struggle for women's and black equality. She founded a school for black students that eventually became Bethune-Cookman University. She also served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt

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Black Cabinet

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an informal network of black officeholders in the federal government; led by Mary McLeod Bethune, William Hastie, and Robert Weaver, they pushed for economic and political opportunities for African Americans in the 1930s and 1940s.

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Scottsboro Boys

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A group of black youths who rode the train illegally and, when found, were quickly convicted falsely of raping two white women on a train. During the trial, these boys had no legal representation, and were quickly sentenced to death by a white jury. However, the Communist Party was able to overturn the ruling after several years, during which many of the boys were in jail.

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Tuskegee Experiment

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US Public Health Service conducted experiment on long term effects of syphilis. Didn't tell them they had it, nor gave them treatments that were available. withheld treatment. many died, and passed it on.

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John C. Cutler

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Was part of the Tuskegee Experiment. Went to Guatemala to continue the syphilis case study. He infected soldiers, orphans, mental patients, and prostitutes.

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New Deal FDR

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AAA: Agricultural Adjustment Act- got subsidies to produce less; owners pocketed money from farmers. National Industrial Act: blacks paid less than whites. Social Security Act: Excluded domestic and for laborers. NRA= Negroes Ruined Again

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Double V Campaign

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The World War II-era effort of black Americans to gain \"a Victory over racism at home as well as Victory abroad.\"

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A. Philip Randolph

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America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries. Brotherhood Of Sleeping Car Porters

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Executive Order 8802

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In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.

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Executive Order 9981

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Establishes equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all race, religions, or national origins

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World Wars & Impact

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At the beginning of WW2 military was still segregated but Executive Order 9981 was passed which desegregated the military. Black soldiers were exposed to the world outside of the south and returned with new found self worth and dignity. Refused accept Jim Crow

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Charles Houston

answer

African American lawyer, Dean of Howard University Law School & NAACP Litigation Director who played a significant role in dismantling the Jim Crow laws. He's known as \"The Man Who Killed Jim Crow.\" He trained future Supreme Court Justice, Thurgood Marshall. Enforced EQUAL in \"separate but equal'

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Thurgood Marshall

answer

the first black to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer -for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education. Challenged disparity in housing, and voting

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Kenneth Clark

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1914-2005; Field: social psychology; Contributions: research evidence of internalized racism caused by stigmatization; Studies: Doll experiments-black children chose white dolls

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Smith v. Allwright

answer

A supreme court case in 1944 that ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries.

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Shelley v. Kraemer

answer

ruled against the use of restrictive covenants that prohibited home sellers from forcing the buyer to sign a covenant that they will not sell to anyone non-white/non-christian

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Sipuel v. Oklahoma

answer

court ruled against girl who wanted to go to an all white school, saying state had met requirements

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McLaurin v. Oklahoma

answer

deals with grad school program, admitting blacks to program but telling them they have to sit in back of class, certain part of library, certain part of cafeteria, he wins \"say he isn't treated equally\"

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Sweatt v. Painter

answer

A black man who was refused admission to the University Of Texas Austin School Of Law. At the time there was no law school open only to blacks in Texas, according to the Plessy v. Ferguson \"separate but equal\" requirement. The case continued for six months, while a new school of law for blacks was created in Texas. However, the resulting school was in no way equal to the UT Austin Law School due to the lack of faculty and resources in the library. This case is significant because it does not overturn separate but equal factor and the Supreme Court rules that in the case of graduate education intangibles must be considered as being equal. This decision reflects how severe racial discrimination was, especially within our own school system we attend today and how there is a wide range of races who attend UT Austin today.

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Brown v. Board of Education

answer

Marshall's greatest victory, concerned Linda Brown and a close white school's refusal to admit her. The Court struck down segregation as unconstitutional, and chief justice Earl Warren stated that separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. GA and Miss vowed total resistance to the ruling and the KKK appeared again to combat the ruling. Eisenhower was not happy with the ruling.

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Brown II Ruiling

answer

Desegregated school with all deliberate speed.

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White Citizens Council

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Example/response to Brown case. Formed to preserve the Southern way of life. Several chapters throughout the south and used their economic and political power to intimidate African Americans who challenged segregation.

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South Manifesto

answer

A document signed by 101 members of Congress from Southern states in 56 that argued that Brown v. Board itself contradicted the constitution.

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Emmett Till

answer

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

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Martin Luther King Jr

answer

1950s; civil rights leader advocated non-violence and civil disobedience as tools for change; organized protests such as the March on Washington, as well as indirectly inspired sit-ins and protests across the nation

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

answer

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

question

Claudette Colvin

answer

black woman from Alabama. at 15 refused to give up seat to white person. arrest preceded Rosa Parks. She wasn't used as the face of Civil Rights movement because of prior arrest

question

Rosa Parks

answer

..., United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

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Browder v. Gayle

answer

1956; upheld (9-0) a lower federal court case holding that the 14th amendment's Equal Protection Clause outlaws segregated taxpayer-supported city bus systems.

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James Meredith

answer

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

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Ruby Bridges

answer

A little black girl who went to the white school when no other African american kid did. She caused a lot of students there to stop learning at that school and she was the only person in her class.

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Civil Rights Act 1957

answer

The Civil Rights Act of 1957, primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted in the United States since Reconstruction. It was proposed by Congress to President Dwight Eisenhower.

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Civil Rights Act 1964

answer

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

question

Orville Faubus

answer

six-term Democratic Governor of Arkansas known for his 1957 stand against the desegregation of Little Rock public schools wherein he defied a unanimous decision of the US Supreme Court by ordering the Arkansas National Guard to stop African American students from attending Little Rock Central High School

question

Central High, Little Rock, AR

answer

Desegregated in 1957, Clinton commented on the deterioration in race relations. During the 1990s, American schools were beginning to re-segregate for the first time since the 1950s...name of the school that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus called the Arkansas national guard to in order to keep 9 black kids from attending

question

Sit In Movement

answer

a form of protest used during the Civil Rights Movement. Students from the NAACP Youth Council began this movement by sitting in segregated lunch-counters and refusing to leave even in the when physically assaulted. This is a form of direct action protest.

question

Freedom Rides

answer

1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses

question

Albany Movement

answer

was a desegregation coalition formed in Albany, Georgia, quickly became a broad-front nonviolent attack on every aspect of segregation within the city. Bus stations, libraries, and lunch counters reserved for White Americans were occupied by African Americans, boycotts were launched, and hundreds of protesters marched on City Hall.

question

Laurie Pritchett

answer

Albany police chief who refused to engage protestors and instead made mass arrests that quickly depleted the movement's resources. Without dramatic points of conflict, the tactic of nonviolence lacked potency. The federal government refused to intervene, and the local white business community refused to enter into substantive negotiations. The campaign dissolved without gaining any significant concessions.

question

George Wallace

answer

Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 \"segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever\"; runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot

question

Project C

answer

1963, American civil rights advocates chose Birmingham, Alabama as the place to launch Project C \"for Confrontation\", a campaign of nonviolent direct actions against city segregation ordinances.

question

Bull Connor

answer

He was the chief of police of Birmingham, Alabama during the Civil Rights Movement. His use of excessive force against the peaceful marchers on television brought attention to the issue, and helped gain support for civil right legislation.

question

16th Street Baptist Church

answer

racially motivated terrorist attack on September 15, 1963, by members of a Ku Klux Klan group in Birmingham, Alabama in the United States. The bombing of the African-American church resulted in the deaths of four girls. Although city leaders had reached a settlement in May with demonstrators and started to integrate public places, not everyone agreed with ending segregation. Other acts of violence followed the settlement. The bombing increased support for people working for civil rights.

question

Bloody Sunday

answer

The three Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965 were part of the Voting Rights Movement underway in Selma, Alabama. By highlighting racial injustice in the South, they contributed to passage that year of the Voting Rights Act, a landmark federal achievement of the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. Activists publicized the three protest marches to walk the 54-mile (87 km) highway from Selma to the Alabama state capital of Montgomery as showing the desire of African-American citizens to exercise their constitutional right to vote, in defiance of segregationist repression.

question

Selma March

answer

King organized this major demonstration in Alabama to press for the right of blacks to register to vote. Selma sheriff led local police in a televised brutal attack on demonstrators. Two northern white marchers were murdered, and the outrage that came after helped LBJ pass the Civil Rights Act of 1965.

question

John Lewis

answer

Domineering boss of the mine workers' union who launched the CIO, long-time labor leader who organized and led the first important unskilled workers labor union, called in to represent union during sit-down strike

question

1965 Voting Rights Act

answer

suspended literacy tests; federal examiners order registration of blacks where fewer than 1/2 population registered; criminal penalties for interfereing with right to vote

question

Muhammad Ali

answer

Rose to power in Egypt in 1805-48. His goal was to modernize Egypt. He needed gold and slaves. So he raider Sudan for gold, soldiers, and slaves.

question

Seyyid Said

answer

Sultan of Oman who uses his geographic position to dominate trade in East African Coast. He moves his capital to Zanzibar and used his slaves to cultivate his clove, sugar, plantations and during the ivory trade

question

Prazeros

answer

Local independent Portugese marry and have children. (Prazeros) Overtime become African Chiefs with Portugese names.

question

Tippu Tip

answer

Afro- Arab slave trader known as Hamed bin Muhammed el Murjebi who made a fortune in ivory and slaves & was able to expand his business due to Stanley's discover of the route of the upper Congo River.

question

Trokosi

answer

Tribe where women served for their ancestor's sins to appease the gods. When the women were freed they were shunned to avoid angering the gods. Shows that interference in cultures often does not help.

question

Beidane

answer

During slavery in Modern Africa they are known as the White Moors or slave master

question

Haratine

answer

During slavery in Modern Africa they are known as the Black moors or the enslaved

question

Liberia

answer

Were not colonized by Europeans. Founded by American colonization Society and U.S. Funds used to resettle freed American slaves. In 1847 they were granted their independence. West

question

Ethiopia

answer

East. 1934-1935. Italy had always wanted to take over Ethiopia. in 1896 they did and were defeated. in 1934 italy tried again and attacked poor Ethiopia. The league condemned Italy and imposed economic sanctions. Britain and france didn't want to upset mussolini- and make him side with Hitler. This resulted in the Sanction not being applied firmly. the British Foreign Secretary even worked out a deal with the french premier. this deal was called the Hoare-laval pact - it gave 2/3 of Ethiopia to mussolini, leaving the rest for the Emperor - Haile Selassie.

question

Menelik II

answer

Emperor of Ethiopia who played Italians, British, and French against each other while buying weapons from France and Russia. In the Battle of Adowa, Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their independence.

question

Treaty of Wichale

answer

The Italian version of the passage stated that Ethiopia was obliged to conduct all foreign affairs through the Italian authorities, in effect making Ethiopia an Italian protectorate, while the Amharic version merely gave Ethiopia the option of communicating with third powers through the Italians.

question

Battle of Adowa

answer

led by Menelik II, successful resistance in Ethiopia. The result was the Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their nation's independence.

question

Social Darwinism

answer

A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background.

question

Cecil Rhodes

answer

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

question

Leopold II

answer

(reigned 1865-1909) King of Belgium who employed Henry Morton Stanley to help develop commercial ventures and establish a colony called the Congo Free State in the basin of the Congo River

question

Henry Stanley

answer

An American newspaper hired him to find Livingstone who was presumed dead. He wanted to explore Africa and trace the source of the Congo River.

question

David Livingston

answer

A British medical missionary who trekked through the dense tropical jungles of Africa for 30 years exploring the continent and looking for the source of the Nile River (Lake Victoria). He wanted to abolish slavery.

question

Otto von Bismarck

answer

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

question

Berlin Conference

answer

(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.

question

Lebensraum

answer

\"living space for Germany\". Hitler's justification for aggressive imperialism in the 1930's. Two step plan to get rid of non Germans and expand territory

question

Ferdinand de Lesseps

answer

Built on the Suez Canal during Napoleon III's Second Empire. His success was hailed as an example of the economic progress under the Empire. He failed when he tried to repeat his success during the Third Republic.

question

Suez Canal

answer

A canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a vital trade route in the British Empire during imperialism, and continues to link North Africa and Europe to Asia today.

question

Race to Fashoda

answer

British vs. French, showed imperial rivalry as they competed for control over Nile -- British won

question

Pacification

answer

The process of taking over/ establishing control of Africa

question

White Settlers

answer

Germans and Afrikaners; which have a Holanda/ Dutch background. Set up permanent residence in Africa

question

Direct Rule

answer

system of colonial government in which the imperialist power controlled all levels of government and appointed its own officials to govern the colony.

question

Indirect Rule

answer

A system of colonial government under which the governor and a council of advisers developed laws for the colony but local rulers were given the opportunity to exert some degree of authority.

question

Company Rule

answer

Expansion of British control (1757-1857) in which they created the Indian Civil Service, established an army of Indians known as seypoys, established colonial economic policies, and expanded territory through direct conquest and indirect rule.

question

William H. Sheppard

answer

Also known as \"Black Livingston\" Went to Stilman College was a Presbyterian missionary. Started the Anti- Leopold Campaign. He gets sued by the Rubber company but wins the case. But the Pres. Church recalls him home

question

George Washington Williams

answer

Was a Union soldier, Baptist Minister, Journalist, lawyer, historian and Ohio Representative. Visited the Congo in 1890-91. Sent letters to New York Times, Pr. Benjamin Harrison,and Leopold II about injustice in the Congo

question

Roger Casement

answer

In 1903 we writes The Casement Report; which confirmed everything stated about the injustice in Congo. Founded the Congo Reform Association. 1908 Leopold force to sell Congo to Belgium

question

Edmund Morel

answer

Wrote about the abuse in the Congo. He wrote Red Rubber and The Black Man's Burden

question

Yaa Asantewaa War

answer

War of the Golden Stool

question

Maji Maji Rebellion

answer

Africans believed that if they sprinkled magic water on them then it would turn the Germans' bullets into water \"unsuccessful resistance\". (1905-1906) against Germans; 75,000 killed.

question

Kinjikitile Ngwale

answer

Leader of the Maji Maji Rebellion, known as Hongo. Cause by forced labor and racism, Tax policy, Cotton policy, drought

question

Herero and Nama Rebellion

answer

Considered the first genocide of 20th century. 1904-1907- German South West Africa during \"Scramble for Africa\" Herero people rebelled against German colonial rule. Germans defeated herero and in October defeated Nama people

question

Genocide in Namibia

answer

A campaign of racial extermination and collective punishment that the government of German South-West Africa against the Herero and Nama people

question

Lothar von Trotha

answer

German General involved in many of Germany's colonization efforts, notably the suppression of the Herero rebellion in West Africa. He implemented incredibly brutal tactics, showing the lack of morals involved in the race to colonize Africa.

question

Eugen Fischer

answer

German doctor that performed medical experiments on the people in Namibia. He treated these people like guinea pigs. He wanted to vindicate these racist views.

African American History Test 3

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