African 101 Final Exam Review – Flashcards
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Curtin
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"The Colonial Economy" - Ch.17
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Curtin
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"Clash of Cultures" - Ch.18
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Curtin - "The Colonial Economy"
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European capital invested where exploitable resources promised the mist attractive returns
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Curtin - "The Colonial Economy"
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Two Tier Labor System - different levels of skill/wage/benefits/conditions - Racial Dominance
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Curtin - "The Colonial Economy"
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Lack of Capital - main problem of african economic development - investors placed funds overwhelmingly in export sector
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Curtin - "The Colonial Economy"
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Migration - result (secondary offshoot) of industrialization - people move from broad distribution based on personal agriculture - Concentrations at RR junctions, mines, plantations, port cities - people also move to avoid forced labor, or for pilgrimages (Meccah)
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Curtin - "Clash of Cultures"
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Europeans - unified for many years by christianity - civilization based on/transmitted through writing
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Curtin - "Clash of Cultures"
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Tropical Africans - no distiction b/w religion, science, ideology - civilizations based on orality
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Curtin - "Clash of Cultures"
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CRISEL - Culture = religion, science, ideology - transmitted through education - expressed by language
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Curtin - "Clash of Cultures"
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Eurpeans confused by african culture - dehumanizes Afirrcans in their eyes - causes them to label them "savages"
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Curtin - "Clash of Cultures"
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Education - major tool in "Cultural Conquest" of Africa - wanted to keep Africans ignorant - too much education = digruntled, overambitious, hungry for more - diploma = "passport" for jobs, entry into colonial elite Education seen as power - Rulers: can create black europeans - Ruled: passport concept
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Curtin - "Clash of Cultures"
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Ideologies - Notion of Equality spawned in Europe percolates into Africa through colonists - Democracy > Denounced Elite Rule > proclaimed equality of ALL citizens - NATIONALISM > Denounced foreign Rule > proclaimed equality of ALL nationalities - Socialism > Denounced exploitation by rich > proclaimed equality of ALL workers
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Boahen
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"The Colonial Impact"
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Boahen - "The Colonial Impact"
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Colonialism - lasted from 1880s-1970s - lists "positive" impacts then provides examples of reality (negative effects)
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Boahen - "The Colonial Impact"
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Partition of Africa by Colonial Powers (Political) - carve up Africa in to sections > splits up ethnic groups > unequal distributions of natural resources - Nation States - Interstate Boundary Disputes
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Boahen - "The Colonial Impact"
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Sense of Nationalism (Political) - result of colonial impact (accidental though) - spawned out of negativity and oppressive treatment - strengthened Pan-Africanism - gave Africans a sense of identity/consciousness
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Boahen - "The Colonial Impact"
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Army (Political) - source of instability, confusion, anarchy - involves themselves unnecessarily
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Boahen - "The Colonial Impact"
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Delayed Political Development & Maturity of African States (Political) - loss of soveriegnty - destiny - plan its own development/interactions - can't succeed or fail - therefore can't learn lessons/gain experience
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Boahen - "The Colonial Impact"
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Positive: Infrastructure (Economic) - roads, railways, harbors, telegraph/phone Actually -Infrastructure used to facilitate exploitation - very uneven/inadequate
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Boahen - "The Colonial Impact"
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Positive (Economic): Discovery of Mining Potential, Cash Crops (oil, coffee, cotton, peanuts) Actually - formation of mono crop economies - pre existing industries driven out by cheap foreign substitutes
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Boahen - "The Colonial Impact"
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(Economic) "Africans Encouraged to produce what they did NOT consume and consume what they did NOT produce"
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Boahen - "The Colonial Impact"
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Positive (Social) - population growth - spread of Islam/Christianity, Western Education - New Social Order ~Merit > Birth
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Boahen - "The Colonial Impact"
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Negative (Social) - Gap between rural and urban areas ~all modern facilities, employment opportunities concentrated in cities - downgraded status of women ~ males get priority in jobs and facilities - limited access to Education
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Boahen - "The Colonial Impact"
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Psychological - condemnation of anything traditional - preference for imported goods to local - taught "make money" NOT "make money and don't spend it" - WORST: feeling of inferiority + loss of sense of human dignity
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Walter Rodney
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"How Europe Underdeveloped AFRICA"
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Walter Rodney - "How Europe Underdeveloped AFRICA"
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"One-armed bandit" - only had negative effects
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Walter Rodney - "How Europe Underdeveloped AFRICA"
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Exploitation - apartheid system: separation of races to better exploit
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Walter Rodney - "How Europe Underdeveloped AFRICA"
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Failed to modernize agricultural production tech. - "went in and out with a hoe"
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Walter Rodney - "How Europe Underdeveloped AFRICA"
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Villages left starving - able-bodied males leave seeking labor elsewhere
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Walter Rodney - "How Europe Underdeveloped AFRICA"
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"Growth without development" - increased production of goods - however exports, goods shipped abroad - benefits Europeans
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Walter Rodney - "How Europe Underdeveloped AFRICA"
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MOnoculture - focus on producing one cash crop leaves countries without a source of food ---> FAMINES
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Walter Rodney - "How Europe Underdeveloped AFRICA"
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Stunting Physical Effects - undernourishment - malnutrition
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Walter Rodney - "How Europe Underdeveloped AFRICA"
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Education - Colonizers did NOT introduce education into Africa - Colonial Schooling = "education for subordination exploitation, confusion, underdevelopment"
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Walter Rodney - "How Europe Underdeveloped AFRICA"
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Positive - medicine - surgery - immunization - Europeans only used this so that they could keep their workers healthy and continue to exploit their services
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Frantz Fanon
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"Concerning Violence"
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Frantz Fanon - "Concerning Violence"
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Colonialism is a Violence - he was a Marxist that talked about decolonization through physical and psychological injury and refers to black as "the native"
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Frantz Fanon - "Concerning Violence"
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Decolonization - Natives declared savages - settlers = well meaning souls trying to teach values - natives realize settlers are no better than they are - inspires revolution
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Booker T. Washington
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"The Atlanta Address"
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Booker T. Washington - "The Atlanta Address"
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- willing to trade political/voting rights for Economic rights - vocational education - "Separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand" - "cast down your buckets where you are" ~ hire blacks not immigrants
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W. E. B. Dubois
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"The Souls of Black Folk" - 1st A.A. to earn PHD from Harvard - editor of "The Crisis" (Naacp Mag.)
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W. E. B. Dubois - "The Souls of Black Folk"
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"How does it feel to be a problem?" - struggle for identity - Two-ness: American and a Negro - Seeing one's self through the eyes of others - Thought Emancipation would be the solution - education, ballot, freedom needed together co exist, equality
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James Baldwin
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"My Dungeon Shook"
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James Baldwin - "My Dungeon Shook"
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- no reason to try to become like white man - must accept them with love - we cannot be free until they are free (of ignorance, prejudice)
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Chinua Achebe
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"Things Fall Apart"
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Okonkwo
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- self made - respected - hardworking - internal fear of becoming like father (feminine) leads to unnecessary destructive emotions - sense of pride = downfall, last act
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Unoka
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- father of Okonkwo - feminie, lazy, irresponsible, loves music, talented player
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Nwoye
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- eldest son of Okonkwo - criticized by father for famine qualities - seen as disappointment - converts to christianity to defy father
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Ikemefuna
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- stepson - hard working - promising
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Chimamanda Ngoze Adichie
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"Americanah" - "I only became black when I came to America"
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Ifemelu
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- moves to America to attend university - "Black Language" - inheritance of stereotypes based off skin color - "Assumed Similarity" from dark complexion - "Blacks and poor whites"
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Immigration - "Americanah"
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- "golden ticket" - greater opportunity to prosper - must leave and never return home, or seen as failure Gender - Males: exploited for labor - Females: exploited for sex
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Pacification
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use of military force to force natives and africans into submission
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Colonial Aims
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- exploit labor - crops for export - acquire land
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Indirect Rule
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ruling through local kings who, after defeat, accepted, british overlordship - cheap and effective - "Native Administrators"
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Assimilation
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africans embracing the culture of their colonizer
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Kotma
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- Court messengers - beat prisoners - took bribes - corruption and abuse of power
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Native Administrators
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"Middlemen" - people to carry out colonial stuff
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Mutual Exchange
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equipment for raw materials/resources
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Settler Colony
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One who settles in a new region, especially a region that has few occupants or that is occupied by people of a different ethnic or religious group.
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Apartheid
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policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race - South Africa
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African Americans in South
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- sharecropping - vagrancy - competition w/ immigrants - fragile family structure: fam members sold all over the south during slavery Low access to... - economic growth - literacy - home ownership - education - wealth
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Caul
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Veil - born with it - gift of second sight - can see into the spiritual world - TWo-ness american and a negro
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Binary Opposition
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all elements of human culture can only be understood in relation to one another and how they function within a larger system or the overall environment. We often encounter binary oppositions in cultural studies when exploring the relationships between different groups of people, for instance: upper-class and lower-class or disabled and non-disabled. On the surface, these seem like mere identifying labels, but what makes them binary opposites is the notion that they cannot coexist. The problem with a system of binary opposites is that it creates boundaries between groups of people and leads to prejudice and discrimination. One group may fear or consider the opposite group a threat, referred to as the 'other'. The use of binary opposition in literature is a system that authors use to explore differences between groups of individuals, such as cultural, class or gender differences. Authors may explore the gray area between the two groups and what can result from those perceived differences.
