ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CANCER BIOLOGY – Flashcards
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which CANCER ORIGINIATES FROM CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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A, Osteogenic sarcoma
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Carcinoma refers to abnormal cell proliferation originating from which tissue organ
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B, Epithelial cells
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Carcinoma in situ is characterized by which changes?
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C, Cells remain localized in the glandular or squamous cells
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Which term is used to describe a muscle cell showing a reduced ability to form new muscle while appearing highly disorganized?
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D, Anaplasia
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What are tumor cell markers?
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A, Hormones, enzymes, antigens and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells
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The function of the tumor cell marker is to
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D, Screen individuals at high risk for cancer
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Which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in the development of colon cancer?
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B, An accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of cancer
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Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to
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C, Secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth
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Apoptosis is a (an)
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A, Normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive.
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Many cancers create a mutation of ras, ras is a (an)
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C, Intracellular- signaling protein that regulates cell growth
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Oncogenes are genes that are capable of
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A, Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins t accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation
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Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14. This is and example of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes?
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B, Chromosome ranslocation
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In childhood neuroblastoma, the N-myc oncogene undergoes which type of mutation of normal gene to oncogene?
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C, Gene amplification
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What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma
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B, The tumor-suppressor gene is turned off
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Two "hits" are required to inactivate tumor-suppressor gene because<
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A, Each allele must be altered, and each person has two copies or alleles of each gene, one form each parent
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The ras gene converts from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene by
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C, Altering one or more nucleotide base pairs
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How do cancer cells use the enzyme telomerase
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D, To switch on the telomerase to enable cells to divide indefinietly
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What are characteristics of benign tumors
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D, Benign tumors include the suffix-oma
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Which terms represent the correct nomenclature for benign and malignant tumors of adipose tissue respectively?
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B, Lipoma, liposcarcoma
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What is the major virus involved in the development of cervical cancer
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C, Human papillomavirus
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The Papanicolaou (pap) test is used to screen for which cancer
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C, Cervical
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What is the skin-related health risk induced by some types of chemotherapy?
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A, Infection
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Which cancers are all associated with chronic inflammation?
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B, Brain, muscle and endocrine
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Chronic inflammation causes cancer by
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C, Releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations
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Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?
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C, Tumor-suppressor genes
