question

Object Relational DBMS
or
OR-DMBS

answer

relational databases that incorporate ADTs and other principles of the object oriented design

question

SDBMS

Spatial Database Management System

answer

a software module that can work with an underlying DBMS
SDBMS support multiple spatial data models, commensurate spatial abstract data types, and a query language from which these ADTs are callable
SDBMS support spatial indexing, efficient algorithms for spatial operations and domain specific rules for query optimization

question

Topology

answer

branch of mathematics exclusively devoted to the study of relationships which do not change due to elastic deformation of underlying space

question

Space taxonomy

answer

refers to the many descriptions that are available to organize space

question

Data Model

answer

a rule or set of rules to identify and represent objects referenced by space

question

Object vs. Field Model

answer

object model is conceptual, it is mapped onto the computer using the vector data structure. a vector data structure maps regions into polygons, lines into polylines, and points to points
Raster data structure implements the filed data model on a computer

question

Query Language

answer

current functionality of relational query language and has to be extended to handle spatial data

question

Query Processing

answer

the sequence of steps that DBMS will initiate to processs the query

question

Query Optimization

answer

very efficiently executes queries

question

Data Mining

answer

systematic search for potentially useful info embedded in digital data

question

Set Oriented

answer

union, intersection, containment, and membership

question

topological

answer

meet is an example of a topological property; area is not

find all objects that have topological relation r to a given object

What is the topological relation between A and B

question

Entities

answer

are things or objects that have an independent physical or conceptual existence

question

key

answer

an attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identifies instances of an entity

question

Relationships

answer

the way Entities interact or connect with each other

question

One to One Relationship

answer

each instance of one entity can relate to only one instance of the other participating entity.

question

Many to One Relationship

answer

can potentially connect many instances of one entity with one instance of the other entity participating in the relationship

question

Many to Many Relationships

answer

many instances of one entity can be related to many instances of the other participating entity

question

Entities are

Attributes are

Relationships are

answer

represented as boxes

as ovals connected to boxes

as diamond boxes

question

domains

answer

datatypes of the attributes

question

Key constraint

answer

speciefies that every relation must have a primary key.

question

primary key

answer

one that is used to identify many tuples in a relation

question

entity integrity constraint

answer

no primary key can be null

question

Referential integrity constraint

answer

enforcement of such constraint maintains logically consistent relationships between the different relations

question

pictogram

answer

miniature representation of an object inserted inside of a box.

question

shape

answer

basic graphical element in a pictogram, which represents the elements in the in the spatial data model

question

Basic Shape

answer

point, line, polygon

question

Multishape

answer

elements that cannot be defined by one of the basic shapes.

Cardinality is used to quantify multiple shapes

question

Relationship Pictogram

answer

used to model relationships between entities

question

adjacent

answer

function may be applied to land parcels to determine if they share a common boundary

question

Row Type

answer

a type for a relation, it specifies the schema of a relation

question

Relational Algebra

answer

formal query language associated with the relational model. It is rarely if ever implemented in a commercial system but forms the core of SQL.

question

SQL

answer

most widely implemented query language, a declarative language in that the user only has to speccify the result of the query rather than means of arriving at the results. It extends relational algebra with many other important functions, including aggregate functions to analytically process queried data

question

OGIS

answer

standard recommends a set of spatial datatypes and functions that are considered crucial for spatial data querying

question

ANSI SQL with

JET SQL with

answer

shared geodatabase data

personal geodatabase data

question

How a Geodatabase extends a database

answer

represents discrete objects as vector features, continuous phenomena as rasters, surfaces as TINs, and references to places as locators and addresses
stores shapes of features and ArcInfo provides functions for performing spatial operations such as finding objects nearby, touching, or intersecting

question

Reasons to use ArcSDE

answer

limitless flexibility in scaling databases
utilize the relational database of your choice
can serve geographic data from UNIX or Windows
can build OGC
can build SQL

question

Submarkets

answer

areas within the larger market that "stand out", or can be characterized in a significant manner

question

Urban Form

answer

pattern of land use and land values

question

urban morphology

answer

study of urban form over time

question

Market Forces

answer

transportation, spatial equillibrium, government, real estate cycles, information and technology

question

geodemographics

answer

descriptive characteristics of a population, arranged and ordered by a scale of geography that is meaningful to the analysis

question

Brian J. L. Berry (1960s)

answer

first commercially available Lifestyle segmentation profile ( LSP)

question

Spatial Equilibrium

answer

no incentive to move to or from a location; balance of push and pull factors

question

Opportunity

answer

when urban area and submarkets are not in spatial equilibrium

question

Steps in Real Estate Market Analysis

answer

establish trade area size and boundary
estimate competing supply
measure demand
compile report and present the analysis

question

Trade area

answer

geographic region from which a real estate project draws most of its customers

question

William Applebaum

answer

1930s geographer

uses analog and customer spotting methods

factors for evaluating store sites and how location quality affects store rents

enables consideration of unserved trade areas and overlapping trade areas

question

range

answer

distance customers will travel to patronize a store

question

Distance decay

answer

how density of customers decreases with increasing distance from real estate project

question

Primary Trade Area

answer

geographic core, accounts for majority of business

question

secondary Trade Area

answer

next highest percentage of customers

question

tertiary trade area

answer

at market-are fringe accounts for less than 15% of all customers

question

Economies of agglomeration

answer

benefits that firms obtain when locating near one another. Think of two ice cream shops located on the beach, sharing best profits when located right next to each other.

question

Analog Method

answer

Applebaum- first systematic retail forecasting system based on empirical data

performances can be measured by market share and per capita sales penetration

Many explanatory variables can be included in assessment

Potential development sites can be compared and ranked according to expected performance

question

Geographically delineating trade areas

answer

Radial Distance approach - rings, convenient but not accurate

Drive-time approach - transportation network strongly influences customer travel behavior

question

W. J. Reilly

answer

used Newton's gravity model to compute market surrounding shopping center (economic geography application in real estate analysis and marketing)

question

T_ij = P_iP_j / d_ij

Gravity Model Relationship

answer

T_ij - total interaction between places i and j

P_i- population count for place i

P_j - population count for place j

d_ij - distance seperating places i and j

question

Reilly Model

answer

allows us to draw trade area boundaries around cities using the distance between the cities and the population of each city

question

Kernel method

answer

mapping customer density and identifying market boundaries
based on location customer areas to determine trade area, rather than physical store location and characteristics

question

NEWMAP = f(oldmap)

answer

the new map is a function of the old map, implies a transformation, has the same geometric properties as the old map.

question

object

answer

representation of reality

question

feature

answer

an entity being represented by an object

question

CLEAN

answer

uses a fuzzy tolerance when processing, which allows it to detect and create intersections

question

Build

answer

does not use fuzzy tolerance, the coordinates will not be adjusted while topology is being built

question

Levels at which databases can be described

answer

Logical Level

Conceptual Level

Research Area

question

Logical Level

answer

level at which users view the database

question

Conceptual level

answer

concerned with info design (e.g. where data are stored across a network other design issues etc.)

question

Research Area

answer

Middleware that connects individual databases to other applications programs and reconciles the different terms use d among the various databases

question

Disk Drives

answer

rated by seek and read times

question

Arc Spatial database Engine

answer

relational model based on tables

ex. oracle, informix, IBMD32, Microsoft Access

question

Entity

answer

like an object or a thing

question

Entity Set

answer

like a class = set of similar entities

represented by a rectangle

question

Attributes

answer

properties of entities in an entity set

represented by an oval

question

Relationships

answer

connect two or more entity sets

represented in the table

question

Focal

answer

up to n-1 gridcells

N = number of cells in a grid

question

High Pass Filter

answer

edge detector

question

Low Pass Filter

answer

Smoothing 7x7 = more smoothing

question

Optimal complexity

answer

complex enough to adequately represent the phenomena but not complex enough

question

Overlay Cover

answer

Put one layer on top of second
new values are the non-zero top layer values and the bottom layer values where the top is zero
top layer - not zero - opaque
bottom layer - zero - transparent

question

Local Combination

answer

determines every possible combination of values and assigns a sequential new class to each combination. Each combination gets its own value

question

Capability/Suitability Mapping

answer

determining the land units that are capable of supporting an activity or land units that are most suitable of supporting an activity. This process may involve determining the degree of capability/suitability

question

Capability

answer

physical potential of land unit to support activity

question

suitability

answer

social or economic potential of land unit to support an activity

question

Factor

answer

category of info that will be used to define limiting criteria
- annual, precip, costs of land, population

question

Constraint

answer

threshold value that must be met for acceptability

question

Rating

answer

Value depicting the relative suitability of a parcel with characteristics for factors

question

Rating Schedule

answer

table of ratings for the different characteristics of a factor

question

Factor Constraint

answer

constraint value for a factor

question

Factor Rating

answer

rating for a factor

question

score

answer

numerical, suitability, capability value that represents the (higher value represents more suitable/capable)

question

Trade Off

answer

A low rating for one factor may be compensated by a high value of another factor

question

Pass Fail Screening

answer

based on constraint establishing acceptability of the unit for a given factor

Advantageous because it is simple and easy to understand and technique is mandatory for planning applications

disadvantageous because all factors are treated as equally important

question

Ordinal Combination

answer

graduated screening

addition of factors

question

Steps for Suitability/Capability Modeling

answer

Determine Factors important for evaluating places
Collect Accurate Data representing factors
select appropriate suitability/capability technique and implement

question

Selection of Weights

answer

Management Applications
Physical process models (parameters)
Real world observations

question

key

answer

set of attributes whose values can belong to at most one entity

question

WEak entity set

answer

sometimes a key for an entity set comes incomplete from its own attributes but from the keys of one or more entity sets to whch it is linked by a relationship

question

Table

answer

relation

question

column headers

answer

attributes

question

rows

answer

tuples

question

beers

answer

name/manf

question

Relation schema

answer

equivalent of attributes + other structural info such as keys

order of attributes is arbitrary

question

Relation Instance

answer

current set of rows for a relation schema

question

database schema

answer

collection of relation schema

question

Selection

answer

picking rows (tuples) from a relation

question

projection

answer

picking columns from a table (relation)

question

products and joins

answer

for composing different relations here, relation schemas do not have to be the same

question

renaming

answer

renames relationships and their attributes.

question

Aside Normalization

answer

how to fix relations that are in violation of BCNF

split relation into 2 or more smaller relations

question

Argument

answer

variables and constraints for representing relations

question

expressions

answer

applying operators to arguments, plus parenthesis

Advanced GIS GEOG 475 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards