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1. How do adolescents reason, or think, about rules for ethical conduct? 2. How do adolescents actually behave in moral circumstances? 3. How do adolescents feel about moral matters? 4. What comprises an adolescent's moral personality? 5. How is the adolescent's moral domain different from the adolescent's social conventional and personal domains?

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Key concept in Kohlberg's theory of moral development

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Stage 1. Punishment and Obedience Orientation. Stage 2. Individualism, Instrumental Purpose and Exchange. Stage 3. Mutual Interpersonal Expectation, Relationships and Interpersonal Conformity. Stage 4. Social Systems Morality. Stage 5. Social Contractor Utility and Individual Rights. Stage 6. Universal Ethical Principle.

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Stages of Kohlberg's theory of moral development

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Level 1. Preconventional Reasoning. ( I should do this because it's right) Level 2. Conventional Reasoning. ( Internalized, I should do this because it's right. Externalize, I should do it because others think it's right too) Level 3. Postconventional Reasoning. ( Recognize alternatives, explore options, then do what personally/ internally I think is right.

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Levels of Kohlberg's theory of moral development

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Children's moral development was related to their parents' discussion style, which involved questioning and supportive interaction.

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The role of parenting in moral development

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Moral reasoning versus behavior Some studies show a positive correlation between higher stages of reasoning and higher levels of moral behavior. However, some found that situational factors are better predictors of moral behavior. Example: Research participants are more likely to steal when they are told the money comes from a large company rather than from individuals. Cultural differences Cross-cultural comparisons of responses to Heinz's moral dilemma (the drug stealing thing) show that Europeans and Americans tend to consider whether they like or identify with the victim in questions of morality. In contrast, Hindu Indians consider social responsibility and personal concerns two separate issues. Possible gender bias Researcher Carol Gilligan has criticized Kohlberg's model bc on his scale women often tend to be classified at a lower level of moral reasoning than men. -Kohlberg's theory emphasizes values more often held by men such as rationality and independence, and supposedly ignores common female values such as concern for others and belonging.

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Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory

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The view of people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concerns for others.

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Gilligan's theory based on what perspective of morality

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View in terms of human relationships and base these interpretations on listening and watching other people.

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Gilligan's view regarding how girls interpret moral dilemmas

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Harsh, hostile parenting is associated with negative outcomes for adolescents, such as being defiant and opposing. That is, the parents harsh, hostile parenting and the adolescents defiant, oppositional behavior may mutually influence each other.

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Reciprocal nature of parent-adolescent relationships

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Direct effect of parental conflict is the influence of the parent's behavior on the adolescent. Indirect effect of parental conflict is how the relationship between the spouses mediates the ways a parent acts toward the adolescent.

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Indirect vs. direct effects of parental conflict

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1. Changes in schooling 2. Conflict with parents 3. Conflict with peers 4. Moving towards independence

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Most stressful situations for adolescents during peak pubertal growth

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Researchers have founds that family-management practice are positively related to student's grades and self-responsibility, and negatively to school related problems.

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Parents as managers

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Researchers have found that adolescents' disclosure to parents about their whereabouts, activities, and friends is linked to positive adolescent adjustment.

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Impact of disclosure of adolescents' daily activities to their parents

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Authoritarian- restrictive, punitive style. (adolescents with these parents are often anxious about social comparison, fail to initiate activity, and have poor communication skills.) Authoritative- a style in which parents encourage adolescents to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. ( Adolescents with these parents are self-reliant and socially responsible.) Neglectful- A style in which the parent is very uninvolved in the adolescent's life. (Adolescents with these parents are socially incompetent; they show poor self- control and do not handle independence well.) Indulgent- a style which parents are highly involved with their adolescent but place few demands or controls on them. (Adolescents with these parents are socially incompetent as well as lack self control.)

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Types of parenting styles and their impact

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Mothers and Son, most stressful during the apex of pubertal growth.

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Which parent adolescents have more conflict

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*Secure Attachment Style*: Adults have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships. These adults tend to enjoy sexuality in the context of a committed relationship and are less likely than others to have one-night stands. *Avoidant Attachment Style*: Individuals are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in relationships tend to distance themselves from their partner. *Anxious Attachment Style*: These individuals demand closeness, are less trusting, and more emotional, jealous, and possessive.

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Types of attachment and their impact on relationships

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Firstborns are more intelligent, achieving and conscientiousness, while laterborns are more rebellious, liberal, and agreeable.

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Typical behaviors related to birth order

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40% of children.

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Percent of children born to married parents who will experience their parents' divorce

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25% of children.

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Percent of children from divorced families who have emotional problems

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Non-divorced, Intact families who perceived the existence of high marital conflict between their parents engaged in more frequent and higher-risk sexual activity than their counterparts living in divorced families.

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Impact of high marital conflict on children

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supporting the adolescent's search for identity and self.

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Challenges of parenting adopted children

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Children and Adolescents who are adopted early in their lives are more likely to have positive outcomes than their counterparts adopted later in life.

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Best time in the process to adopt children

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Typically don't see their parents from the time they leave for school in the morning until after work hours. Although latchkey adolescents can be vulnerable to problems, experiences of latchkeys adolescents vary greatly.

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Latchkey children

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Identity, personality traits, decision making, and self control.

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Psychological factors in adolescent problems

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Poverty; coming from a lower SES family, ineffective parenting, and mental disorders in parents

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Important factors in adolescent problems

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1. Intensive Individualized Attention 2. Community wide, multi-agency collaborative approaches. 3. Early Identification and Intervention

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3 common components of successful programs for preventing adolescent problems

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Focuses on describing and exploring developmental pathways of problems. Many researches seek to establish links between early precursors of a problem (such as risk factors and early experiences) and outcomes (such as substance abuse, delinquency, and depression). Links have been established between patterns of problems in childhood and outcomes in emerging adulthood.

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Developmental psychopathology approach to adolescent problems

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Externalizing problems: Occurs when individuals turn their problems outwards. Internalizing problems: Occur when individuals turn their problems inward.

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Externalizing vs. internalizing problems

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Psychologist conclude that information about daily hassles and daily uplifts provide better clues about effects of stressors then life events. Success in coping has been linked with several characterists, including a sense of personal control, positive emotinos, and personal resources.

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Daily hassles approach and its view of coping abilities *GBT*

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A recent study revealed no differences in the stress that adolescent girls and boys reported that they experienced related to school, self-related problems, leisure, and their future. Females are less likely to respond to stressful and threatening situations with a fight or flight response than males.

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Gender differences related to stress

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The negative consequences that result from contact between two distinctive cultural groups

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Acculturative stress

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1. Drug Abuse 2.Juvenile Delinquency 3. Sexual Problems 4. School- Related Problems

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4 problems affecting the largest number of adolescents

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Emotion-Focused Coping: The strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them. Problem- Focused Coping: Responding to stress in an emotional manner, especially by using defense mechanisms. Over the long term, through, problem- focused coping usually works better than emotion- focused coping.

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Emotion-focused vs. problem-focused coping

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An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation. Family therapy is often the most effective treatment.

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Anorexia nervosa & effective treatment

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An eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and- purge eating pattern.

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Bulimia nervosa

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Marijuana

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Most commonly used drug by adolescents

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Fathers and mothers alcohol use predicts early alcohol use by their children. Authoritative parenting is linked to lower adolescent alcohol consumption, while parent- adolescent conflict was related to higher adolescent alcohol consumption.

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Impact of parental alcohol use on adolescents

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THC, T

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Active ingredient in marijuana

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Impairs attention and memory, it is not conductive to optimal school performance.

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Marijuana impacts on the body *GBT*

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Adolescents, high school, and college. 19-22

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When cigarette smoking peaks *GBT*

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Ecstasy

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MDMA known as what on the street

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This drug is a type of opiate.

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Type of drug heroin is

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Medicine cabinets of their parents or friends' parents

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Where adolescents obtain their prescription narcotics

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The psychiatric diagnostic category used why multiple behaviors occur over a 6-month period, including truancy, running away, fire setting, cruelty to animals, breaking and entering, and excessive fighting.

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Criteria for a conduct disorder diagnosis

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Delinquency is an attempt to establish an identity.

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Erikson's view of delinquency

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-Depressed mood most the day. - Reduced interest or pleasure in all or most activities. - significant weight loss or gain, or significant decrease or increase in appetite. - Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much - Psychomotor agitation or retardation -Feeling worthless or guilty in an excessive or inappropriate manner - Problems in thinking, concentrating, or making decisions -Recurrent thoughts of death and suicide.

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Criteria for a major depressive disorder

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Antidepressants and receiving cognitive behavior therapy.

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Best treatment for depression in adolescents

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Suicide

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3rd leading cause of death for youth ages 10-19

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BMI, Body Mass Index

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Measurement CDC uses for overweight and obese people

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70% chance.

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Percent risk for adolescents to be overweight if parents are overweight

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The lowest level in Kohlbergs theory of moral development. At this level, morality is focused on reward and punishment. The two stages in preconventional reasoning are punishment and obedience orientation (stage 1) and individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange. (stage 2)

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Preconventional Reasoning

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The second or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory. Individuals abide by certain standards (internal), but they are the standards of others (external), such as parents or the laws of society. The conventional level consists of two stages: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity (stage 3) and social systems morality (stage 4).

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Conventional Reasoning

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The third and highest level in Kohlberg's theory. At this level morality is more internal. The postconventional level consist of two stages; social contract or utility and individual rights (stage 5) and universal ethical principles (stage 6).

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Postconventional Reasoning

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A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual. Individuals are viewed as making moral decisions independently.

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Justice Perspective

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The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their contentedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

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Care Perspective

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The process by which children and adolescents socialize just as parents socialize.

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Reciprocal Socialization

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A restrictive, punitive style.

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AuthorITARIAN Parenting

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A style in which parents encourage adolescents to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions.

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AuthorITATATIVE Parenting

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A style in which the parent is very un-involved in the adolescents life.

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Neglectful Parenting

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A style in which parents are highly involved with their adolescents but place few demands or controls on them.

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Indulgent Parenting

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Involves a positive, enduring emotional bond between two people. In infancy, childhood, and adolescence, formation of a secure bond with a caregiver benefits the child's exploration of the environment and subsequent development. In adulthood, the bond can also be between two people in a couple or marital relationship.

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Secure Attachment

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Attachment pattern in which infants, children, and adolescents either avoid the caregiver or show considerable resistance or ambivalence toward the caregiver. This pattern is theorized to be related to difficulties in relationships and problems in later development.

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Insecure Attachment

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Securely attached adults have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships. These adults tend to enjoy sexuality in the context of a committed relationship and are less likely than others to have one-night stands.

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Secure Attachment Style

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Avoidant individuals are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in relationships tend to distance themselves from their partner.

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Avoidant Attachment Style

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Uncertainty in stepfamilies about who is in or out of the family and who is performing or responsible for certain tasks in the family system.

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Boundary Ambiguity

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Internalizing problems: Occur when individuals turn their problems inward.

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Internalizing Problems

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Externalizing problems: Occurs when individuals turn their problems outwards.

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Externalizing Problems

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The negative consequences that result from contact between two distinctive cultural groups

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Acculturative Stress

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The strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them.

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Problem-Stress Coping

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Responding to stress in an emotional manner, especially by using defense mechanisms.

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Emotion-Focused Coping

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Also called psychedelic (mind altering) drugs; drugs that modify an individual's perceptual experiences and produce hallucinations.

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Hallucinogens

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Drugs that increase the activity of the central nervous system. Ex: caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine.

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Stimulants

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Drugs that slow down the central nervous system, bodily functions, and behaviors.

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Depressants

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Acts such as robbery, rape, and homicide that are crimes regardless of whether they are committed by juveniles or adults.

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Index Offenses

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Juvenile offense, performed by youth under a specified age, that are not as serious as index offenses, These offenses may include acts such as underage drinking, truancy, and sexual promiscuity.

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Status Offenses

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A broad range of behaviors, including socially unacceptable behavior, status offenses, and criminal acts.

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Juvenile Delinquency

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The psychiatric diagnostic category used why multiple behaviors occur over a 6-month period, including truancy, running away, fire setting, cruelty to animals, breaking and entering, and excessive fighting.

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Conduct Disorder

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The diagnosis when an individual experiences a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and depression, for two weeks or longer and daily functioning becomes impaired.

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Major Depressive Disorder

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The response of individuals to stressors, which are circumstances and events that threaten and tax their coping abilities.

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Stress

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Managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress.

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Coping

Adolescent Development Ch 7, 8, &13 – Flashcards

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