Abnormal Psychologyology Chapter 13 Schizophrenia – Flashcards

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Abnormal Psychology
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Scientific study of abnormal behaviors in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns and function
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Is there a true definition of abnormal psychology?
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not yet
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What are the Four D's?
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Deviance Distress Dysfunction Danger
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Deviance
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From behaviors, thoughts, emotions that differ markedly form a society ideas about proper functioning
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Distress
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Behavior, ideas, or emotions usually have to cause this before they are "abnormal"
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Dysfunction
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Interferes with daily functioning -culture plays role in abnormality
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Danger
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Dangerous to oneself or others -Dangerousness is usually exception rather than rule
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Elusive nature of abnormality
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Society selects general criteria for defining abnormality and then sues those criteria to judge particular cases
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Szasz
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Finds mental illness invalid (says society rules)
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Rosenhan (study aim)
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See if individuals presenting to a mental hospital would be diagnosed as mentally ill
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What are some conflicts surrounding treatment
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Lack of agreement about goals or aims -successful outcome -failure Are clinicians seeking to cure? teach? Are sufferers patients or clients?
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How was abnormality viewed/treated in past?
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Super Natural Theories Biological Theories Psychological Theories
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Super natural theories
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mental illness is the result of divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and person sin
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Biological Theories
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Mental illness is similar to physical disease
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Psychological Theories
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mental Illness is the result of trauma
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Ancient views and Treatment
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Abnormal behavior = spirits -stone age, would do trephination/exorcism
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Hippocrates theory on mental illness?
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Believed and taught that illness had natural causes -unbalance of four fluids/humors and wanted to balance those to treat
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Europe in middle ages: demonology returns
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Church rejected scientific forms of investigation, and it controlled all education -religious beliefs dominant -abnormality was seen as a conflict between good and evil -some of the earlier demonological treatments reemerged
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Renaissance and rise of Asylums (1400-1700 AD)
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Demonological views declined -Johann Weyer believed mind was capable to sickness -care of people with MD continued to improve
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Asylums in Renaissance
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Institutions whose primary purpose was to care for mentally ill (good care was intention...but overcrowding)
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Reform and moral treatment (1800's)
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Treatment of people with MD began to improve -care emphasized moral guidance and human and respectful techniques
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What lead to reversal of moral treatment?
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Money and staff shortages Declining in recovery rates Overcrowding Emergence of Prejudice -early 20th century moral treatment halted, moved to long term hospitalization
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What are the dual perspectives in the 20th century?
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Somatogenic Psychogenic
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Somatogenic Perspective
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Abnormal functioning has physical cause
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Psychogenic perspective
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Abnormal functioning has psychological causes
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Somatogenic Perspective rebirth causes
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Kraepelin - physical factors are responsible for mental dysfunction -New biological discoveries as well
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Psychogenic perspective rebirth?
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Work with Hypnotism -Mesmer/Freud
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Who did freud treat?
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To pt who did not require hospitalization (outpatient therapy!!!) -Psychoanalytic theory
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1950's drugs
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Antipsychotic Antidepressant Antianxiety
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What did the drugs do?
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Lead to deinstitutionalization and rise in Outpatient care
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Change in outpatient care (1950's)
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prior all outpatient was private psychotherapy, but now outpatient actually became outpatient
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What happened when PT need institutionalization?
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usually short term, and the outpatient psychotherapy and medication
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Psychoanalytic Perspective (early 20th century)
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Focused on role of unconscious (Freud!!!)
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Behaviorism Perspective (1930's-1960's)
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Role of reinforcement and punishment in determining behavior (Pavlov, Watson and Skinner)
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Cognitive approach perspective (1970's)
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How people think about their world and beliefs in self efficacy often determines emotions and behaviors (ellis, Beck and Bandura)
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Growing emphasis on preventing disorders and Promoting mental health
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Community mental health approach has brought this idea -correct social conditions that underlie psychological problems -help individuals at risk for developing disorders *also further energized by growing interest in Positive psychology ***
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Positive Psychology
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Study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities
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Multicultural Psychology
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Multicultural psychologists seek to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors affect behavior and thought and how people of different cultures races and genders may differ psychologically
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Influence of Insurance Coverage
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Dominant form = MCO -Reimbursements for mental disorders tend to be lower than those for medical disorders
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Biological Model
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Psychological abnormality is an illness brought by malfunctioning parts of the organism (problems in anatomy/brain chemistry)
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How to biological theorists explain abnormal behavior?
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Brain Anatomy -Problems in specific brain areas (huntingtons) Brain Chemistry Hormonal secretions are off
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Brain Chemistry
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Information is communicated throughout the brain in the form of electric impulses -Sometimes NT can lead to specific mental disorders
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Chemical Imbalance
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Changes/imbalance in brain chemicals can lead to mental disorders -not much evidence to support this
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Biological Abnormalities (genetics)
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23 pair of chromosomes -can have mutations, inherited, or evolution
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Biological Abnormalities (evolution)
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Human reactions and the genes responsible for them to have survived over the course of time because they helped individual thrive and adapt (not helpful now though)
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Biological Abnormalities (Viral Infections)
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Source of abnormal brain structure or biochemical dysfunction is viral infection
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Biological Treatments
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Drug Therapy ECT Psychosurgery -Practitioners attempt to pinpoint the physical source of dysfunction and chose course of treatment
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Drug Therapy
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1950's - advent of pyschotropic medications -greatly changed outlook for many mental disorders
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Antianxiety Drugs
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minor tranquilizers
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Antibipolar Drugs
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Mood stabilizers
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ECT
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Used when drugs have failed -used for depression
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Pyschosurgery (neurosurgery)
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Historically called trephination -1930's - 1st lobotomy -supposedly more precise today -still experimental
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Biological Model (strengths)
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-Enjoys considerable respect in field -Constantly produces valuable new information -Treatments bring great relief
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Biological Model (weakness)
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Can limit, rather than enhance our understanding -too simplistic -Treatments produce significant undersiable side effects
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Psychodynamic Model
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Oldest and most famous Psychological model -"persons behavior is determined largely by underlying dynamic psychological forces that they're not aware of" -Freud!
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ID
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Guided by pleasure principle (Cave man) -SEX
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Ego
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Guided by Reality Principle (the 'Self) -Seeks gratification, but guides us to know when we can and cannot express our wishes -Ego defense mechanism
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Super Ego
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Guided by morality Principle (Angel) -Consciousness
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Defense Mechanisms
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Repression Denial Projection Rationalization Displacement Intellectualization Regression
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How does freud explain abnormal functioning
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one of the three parts of personality is in dysfunction or conflict
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Freud Stages
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Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital
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Psychodynamic Therapies
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Range from freudian psychoanalysis to modern therapies -uncover past trauma and inner conflict -Therapist acts as a "subtle guide"
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What techniques does psychodynamic use
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Free Association Therapist Interpretation (resistance, transference, dream interpretation) Catharsis Working through
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Psychodynamic Strengths
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-First to recognize importance of psychological theories and treatment -Saw abnormal functioning as rooted in the same processes as normal functioning -First to apply theory and techniques systematically to treatment -Huge impact on field
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Psychodynamic Weaknesses
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Unsupported ideas; difficult to research -not observable -Inaccessible to human subject (unconscious)
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Behavioral Model
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Concentrates wholly on behaviors and environmental factors (external) -Bases explanations and treatments on principles of learning (condition)
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Behavior Model continued
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Model began in laborites where conditioning studies were conducted -Several forms of conditioning -operant, modeling, classical conditioning
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Behaviorists explanation of Abnormal functioning
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-Operant Conditioning -humans and animals learn to behave in certain ways as a result of receiving rewards whenever they do so -Modeling -Classical conditioning
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Behavioral Therapies
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Aim to identify the behaviors that are causing problems and replace them with more appropriate ones Therapist is Teacher
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What type of therapy is Systematic desensitization for phobia?
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Behavioral
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Behavioral Model (strengths)
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-Powerful force field -Can be tested in laboratory -Significant research support for behavioral therapies
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Behavioral Model (weaknesses)
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-No evidence that symptoms are ordinarily acquired through conditioning -Behavior therapy is limited -Too Simplistic
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Where did the focus shift from Behavioral model?
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Self-efficacy Social cognition cognitive-behavioral theories
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Cognitive model
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We can best understand abnormal functioning by looking at cognitive processes - center of behavior thoughts, and emotions
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Cognitive and abnormal functioning
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Can result from several kinds of cognitive problems -faulty assumptions -illogical thinking process (Overgeneralization)
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Cognitive therapies
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Becks Cognitive Therapy -goal is to help clients recognize and restructure their thinking -guide clients to challenge dysfunctional thoughts
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Cognitive Model Strengths
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-Very broad appeal -Clinically useful and effective -Focuses on a uniquely human process -Theories lend themselves to research -Therapies effective in treating several disorders
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cognitive model weaknesses
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=Precise role of cognition has yet to be determined -Therapies do not help everyone -Some changes may not be possible to achieve
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Humanistic-Existential Models
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Combination Model -Humanist View -Existentialist view
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Humanist View
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Emphasis on people as friendly, cooperative, and constructive; focus on drive to self-actualize through honest recognition of strengths and weaknesses
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Existential View
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Emphasis on self-determination, choice, and individual responsibility; focus on authenticity
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Rogers Humanistic Theory/Therapy
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-Believes in basic human need for unconditional positive regard -Rogers' "client-centered" therapy
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What happens if you have "unconditional positive regard"
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Unconditional self-regard
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What if you don't have unconditional positive regard
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Conditions of worth
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Rogers "client centered therapy"
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Therapist creates supportive climate -Unconditional positive regard -Accurate empathy - Genuinesess
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Existential Theories/therapy
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Psychological dysfunction is caused by self-deception (people hide from lives responsibilities and fail to recognize that it is up to them to give meaning to their lives -Goal more important than technique -Great emphasis placed on client - therapist relationship
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Humanistic-Existential Model Strengths
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-Taps into domains missing from other theories -Emphasizes the individual -Optimistic -Emphasizes health
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Humanistic-Existential Model Weaknesses
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-Focuses on abstract issues (hard to research) -Weakened by disapproval of scientific approach -somewhat changing
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Sociocultural modles
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behavior is best understood in light of social and cultural forces that influence an individual -Address norms and roles in society
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Major prospectives of sociocultural
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Family-Social Multicultural
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Family-Social Theorists
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Argue that theorists should concentrate on forces that operate directly on an individual -Social labels and Roles - Social connections and supports
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Multicultural Theorists
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Seek to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors affect behavior and thought, as well as how people of different cultures, races, and genders differ psychologically
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How do MCT explain abnormal functioning
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Individuals behaviors is best understood when examined in light of individual's unique cultural context
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Sociocultural Models Strengths
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-Added greatly to the clinical understanding and treatment of abnormality -Increased awareness of clinical and social roles -Clinically successful when others have failed
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Sociocultural Models weaknesses
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-Research is difficult to interpret -correlation isn't causation -Model unable to predict abnormality in specific individuals
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Biological
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Doctor
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Psychoanalytic (freudian)
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Interpreter
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Behavioral
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Teacher
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Cognitive
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Persuader
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Human-Existential
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Observer + Collaborator
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Socio-Cultural + family
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Cultural Advocate and Teacher, Family facilitator
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Diathesis (integration of models)
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Integrative therapists are often called "eclectic" - taking the strengths from each model and using them in combination
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Internal Family Systems
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Self - true self. The part that observes non-judgmentally all the other parts and has curiosity, compassion and calmness Treatment - Get these parts in harmony
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