A.P. Psychology – Unit 13: Treatment of Abnormal Behavior – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What's Psychotherapy?
answer
- use of psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome difficulties or achieve personal growth
question
What's Biomedical Therapy?
answer
- use of medication/biological treatments
question
What's the Electic Approach?
answer
- using a mix of psychotherapies and biomedical therapies
question
What are the main techniques utilized in psychoanalytic therapy?
answer
- free association - dream analysis - resistance - transference - interpretation of wishes, feelings, and conflicts
question
What is resistance?
answer
- the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material - prevent unconscious conflicts from appearing - using anxiety to defend against sensitive material - meaning behind resistance is analyzed by analyst
question
What is Transference?
answer
- patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships - strong positive or negative feelings for analyst --> you may be transferring feelings such as dependency or mingled love/anger that you experienced in earlier relationships with family members/other important people - exposure of feelings --> insight to current relationships
question
What is Psychoanalysis? Who created this therapy?
answer
- created by Sigmund Freud - the use of the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences/the therapist's interpretations of them to release previously repressed feelings - allows the patient to gain self-insight
question
What are the goals of Psychoanalysis therapy? What are the techniques?
answer
1. Goals - release the energy that caused id-ego-superego conflicts - bring patients' repressed or disowned feelings into conscious awareness - help patients reclaim their unconscious thoughts and feelings and giving them insights into the origins of their disorders --> help them reduce growth-impeding inner conflicts 2. Techniques --> several sessions per week for many years - *Free association* --> you say aloud whatever comes to mind - *Resistance* --> the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden/sensitive material - *interpretation* --> analysis of dreams, resistances, and other significant behaviors/events can promote insight (ex. not wanting to talking about your mother --> underlying wishes, feelings, and conflicts you are avoiding) - Transferences
question
What are the goals of Psychodynamic therapy? What are the techniques?
answer
1. Goals - help patients understand their current symptoms - restore awareness/reactions to own wishes and feelings - reveal past relationships troubles as origin of current difficults 2. Technique - focus on important relationships, childhood experiences, and therapist relationship - face to face sessions - patients explore/gain perspective into defended-against thoughts and feelings - once/twice a week for a few weeks/months
question
What's Interpersonal Psychotherapy?
answer
- goal = symtom relief in the here and now - brief variation of psychodynamic therapy - gain insight into roots of difficulties - concentrates on current relationships and helps improve relationship skills
question
What are some differences between Psychodynamic and Psychoanalysis Therapy?
answer
1. Psychodynamic - fewer sessions - understand current situations - focus on important relationships, childhood experiences, and therapist relationship 2. Psychoanalysis - more sessions over longer time period - understand origin of disorder - reclaims repressed thoughts and feelings
question
What's Humanistic Therapy? What is the goal?
answer
- emphasizes people's potential for self-fulfillment - reduce growth-impeding inner conflicts --> provide new insights
question
What techniques do humanistic therapists use in therapy? How are they used? What's Active listening?
answer
1. *Client-Centered Therapy* - Carl Rogers - focuses on the person's conscious self-perceptions - a nondirective therapy --> therapist listens without judging or interpreting, and seeks to refrain from directing the client toward certain insights - therapist needs to exhibit acceptance, genuineness, and empathy - *Active Listening* = echoing, restating, and seeking clarification of what the person expresses and acknowledges the expressed feelings
question
What's Behavior Therapy? What techniques are used?
answer
- therapy that applies *learning principles* to the elimination of unwanted behaviors - change behavior - Techniques = Classical Conditioning (Counterconditioning), Exposure Therapies, Systematic Desensitization, Aversive Conditionng, and Operant Conditioning
question
What is an example of the application of Classical Conditioning Techniques? (claustrophobic)
answer
- patient has claustrophobic fear of elevators --> learned aversion to the stimulus of being in a confined space - change behavior --> unlearn the association by undergoing another round of conditioning to replace fear response
question
What's Counterconditioning? What are the two specific techniques? What is the example?
answer
- a Classical Conditioning Technique - a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors - pairs the trigger stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with fear - example. enclosed space of elevators = trigger stimulus, and relaxation is new response --> associate the two so that a person who fears enclosed spaces won't be tense in elevators anymore - Two specific techniques to replace unwanted responses --> 1. exposure therapy, 2. aversive conditioning
question
How might a behavior therapist use counterconditioning to replace a fear response to spiders?
answer
- pair the trigger stimulus (spider) with something happy or relaxing repeatedly - the stimulus and the response will be associated so that the person will be joyful/relaxed when seeing a spider
question
What's Exposure Therapy?
answer
- behavior technique - used to treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid
question
How is Exposure Therapy used to treat anxiety or phobias?
answer
- expose people to what they normally avoid or escape (these behaviors are reinforced by the reduced anxiety that occurs when escaping) - face fear to overcome their fear of the fear response - repeated exposure --> less anxious response
question
What's Systematic Desensitization?
answer
- a type of exposure therapy - associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety- triggering stimuli - repeatedly relax when facing an anxiety-provoking stimuli --> gradually eliminate anxiety
question
What's Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy?
answer
- an anxiety treatment - progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears
question
What's Aversive Conditioning?
answer
- type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior - substituting a negative (aversive) response for a positive response to a harmful stimulus - seeks to condition an aversion to something the person should avoid - associate unwanted behavior with unpleasant feelings
question
How does Operant Conditioning help treat a disorder? What's a Token Economy?
answer
- use positive reinforces to shape behavior step by step and rewarding closer approximations of the desired behavior - Token Economy (operant conditioning procedure) = people earn a toke for exhibiting a desired behavior --> tokens can be exchanged for various privileges/treats
question
How can a token economy be used to impact and change behavior?
answer
- people earn tokens for performing a desired behavior --> reinforcement
question
What are the concerns with using the Token Economy method as therapy?
answer
- behavior may stop when reinforcement stops - may not be ethical for a human to control another human's behavior (authoritarian) - extrinsic motivation --> overjustification effect
question
What is Cognitive Therapy? What is the therapy's main goal?
answer
- teach people new, more adaptive ways of thinking - teach people new/more constructive ways of thinking - based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
question
What are the assumptions that cognitive theory relies on to explain disorders?
answer
- thinking colors our feelings - negative interpretations will lead to negative feelings
question
How does Albert Ellis' rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) address illogical thinking?
answer
- changes peoples thinking by showing how irrational/illogical their prior thinking was - reveals the "absurdity" of a patient's self defeating ideas
question
What are the goals and methods of Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT)?
answer
1. Goals - alter the way people think and the way they act - make people aware of their irrational negative thinking --> replace with new ways of thinking 2. Methods - practice positive approach - change behavior first then change thinking - relabel/refocus practice at home
question
What's an example of how Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy is used?
answer
- patients with OCD - learn to prevent their compulsive behaviors by relabeling their obsessive thoughts - ex. urge to wash their hands --> think/know that you're having a compulsive urge and spend time doing a more enjoyable/alternate behavior like playing a instrument or walking instead of giving in to the urge
question
Explain the three reasons the client's perception of the success of therapy may not be valid.
answer
1. Clients often enter therapy in crisis --> more improvement seen/attributed to therapy 2. Clients may need to believe the therapy was worth the effort 3. Clients generally speak kindly of their therapist
question
Describe the findings of the Massachusetts experiment that support the unreliability of a client's perceptions of treatment?
answer
- both experimental group and control group had similar outcomes --> not a lot of juvenile record - no difference found between experimental group that received treatment and control group that didn't receive counseling - client's perceptions can't be relied on since the outcome of experimental groups is deceiving
question
How are studies being conducted today to attempt to address the question "Is psychotherapy effective?" What statistical procedure is used in the studies?
answer
- performing experiments --> receiving treatment/counseling (experimental group) vs. not receiving counseling (control group) - meta-analysis --> gives bottom-line results of lots of studies
question
What's Meta Analysis?
answer
- procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies - gives bottom-line results of studies - ex. of meta-analysis of 475 psychotherapy --> average therapy client ends up better off than 80% of the untreated individuals, 50% of the untreated people are better off than the average untreated person
question
Are Psychotherapies effective?
answer
- man patients get better on their own without treatment - those not undergoing therapy often improve, but those undergoing therapy are more likely to improve more quickly and with less risk of relapse
question
Are some psychotherapies more effective than others for specific disorders? Why?
answer
- no, one particular psychotherapy is more effective than the other - difficult to measure effectiveness - all psychotherapies are on average, somewhat effective - how effective the therapy is mostly depends on how clear cut/specific a patient's disorder is
question
Discuss the responsibilities of clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, clinical social workers and counselors
answer
1. Clinical psychologist --> therapist, private practice, works with large institutions (ex. hospital) 2. Psychiatrists --> prescribe medication, therapist 3. Clinical social workers and counselors --> therapy
question
How has psychopharmacology revolutionized the field of psychological treatment?
answer
- patients don't need to be hospitalized as much or taken care of by another as much - patients can function independently with the use of medication
question
How are double-blind procedures used and why are they used?
answer
1. How - experimental group --> receives treatment (drug) - control group --> placebo - both subjects and experimenter don't know whether the treatment or placebo is administered 2. Why = measure the effectiveness of a drug
question
Antipsychotic drugs: What do they treat? Drug names, Method of Operation (Neurotransmitter activity), Side Effects and Drawbacks
answer
1. treats schizophrenia and other forms of sever thought disorder - calmed patients with psychoses 2. Drug Names: Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) 3. Method of Operation - antagonist --> dampens responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli - occupies dopamine receptor sites and blocks its activity 4. Side Effects/Drawbacks - sluggishness - tremors - twitches - long term use --> tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movements of facial muscles (ex. grimacing), tongue, and limbs - increases risk of obesity and diabetes
question
Antianxiety drugs: What do they treat? Drug names, Method of Operation (Neurotransmitter activity), Side Effects and Drawbacks
answer
1. controls anxiety and agitation - enhances benefits of exposure therapy - criticism --> doesn't actually solve underlying problem 2. Drugs: xanax, ativan 3. Method of Operation - depresses central nervous system activity 4. Side Effects and Drawbacks - addiction
question
Antidepressant drugs: What do they treat? Drug names, Method of Operation (Neurotransmitter activity), Side Effects and Drawbacks
answer
1. treats depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD 2. Drugs: SSRIs - Fluoxetine (Prozac), Zoloft, Paxil 3. Method of Operation - agonist --> increases availability of neurotransmitter - blocks the reabsorption and removal of serotonin from synapses - elevates arousal/ mood and appears scarce when a person is feeling depressed or has anxiety 4. Side Effects and Drawbacks - dry mouth - weight gain - hypertension - dizziness
question
Mood Stabilizers: Drug names, Method of Operation (Neurotransmitter activity), Side Effects and Drawbacks
answer
1. Drug: lithium 2. Method of Operation - 3. Side Effects and Drawbacks - long term physical side effect
question
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Procedure and Outcomes
answer
1. Procedure - patient is strapped and wide awake - 100 volts of electricity to brain --> produces convulsions and brief of unconsciousness - patients receive general anesthetic/muscle relaxant before receiving 30 to 60 seconds of electrical current 2. Outcomes - boosted production of new brain cells - effective treatment for severe depression
question
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic STimulation (rTMS): Procedure and Outcomes
answer
1. Procedure - magnetic coil attached to a person's skull while patient is wide awake - repeated pulses sent through magnetic coil - stimulates/suppresses brain activity 2. Outcome - formation of new functioning circuits --> process of long term potentiation - brain's left front lobe is more stimulated/energized --? treats depression
question
Deep-brain stimulation: Procedure and Outcomes
answer
1. Procedure - electrodes/pacemaker stimulator implanted into brains of patients in the neural hub that bridges the thinking frontal lobes to the limbic system and the depression center of the brain - excite neurons that inhibit negative emotion-feeding activity 2. Outcomes - more aware - more talkative - more engaged - relief in patients with OCD
question
What lifestyle factors promote healthy, well-adjusted minds and bodies?
answer
1. physical activity 2. social engagement 3. complete night's sleep 4. regular aerobic exercise 5. Light exposure 6. Antirumination --> identifying and redirecting negative thoughts 7. Nutritional supplements
question
What's Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Therapy?
answer
- have patient imagine traumatic scenes while the therapist triggers eye movement by waving his/her fingers in front of their eyes --> enables patient to unlock/reprocess previously frozen memories
question
Critics on EMDR
answer
- eye movements relax and distract patients --> allows memory-associated emotions to extinguish - eye movement is not therapeutic - people imagining traumatic scenes and tapping a finger or staring straight ahead while the therapist's finger is wagging produces therapeutic results - placebo effect
question
What's Light Exposure Therapy?
answer
- counter attack dark spirits --> give patients timed daily dose of intense light - morning light dims depressive symptoms for many suffering a seasonal pattern - light therapy sparks activity in brain region that influences body's arousal/hormones
question
Critics on Light Exposure Therapy
answer
- could be a sham placebo treatment/negative ion generator
question
What's Psychosurgery? Why is it used?
answer
- surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue - changes behavior
question
What's Lobotomy? Why was it used? How is it performed?
answer
- a psychosurgical procedure - used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients - how --> cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
