A & P Chapter 22: The Respiratory System – Flashcards
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Once released, renin functions to enzymatically split (cleave) circulating angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. Where is angiotensinogen made?
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In the liver
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During inhalation,
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the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
(The contraction of these muscles causes air to enter the lungs.)
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From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
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Alveoli
(Alveoli are tiny sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries. The alveoli are where oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood.)
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Which statement is correct?
A. Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration.
B. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries.
C. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated.
D. Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells.
E. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
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E. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
When oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the surrounding capillaries, it enters a red blood cell and binds to hemoglobin.
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After blood becomes oxygenated,
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it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
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Hemoglobin
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is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
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Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?
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intrapleural pressure
(Intrapleural pressure is created as the lungs attempt to shrink away from the thoracic wall. This negative pressure, as well as the adherence due to moisture, is what keeps the lungs from collapsing.)
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__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.
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Transpulmonary
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According to this spirographic record, what is the total volume of exchangeable air for a normal male?
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4800 milliliters
(The total volume of exchangeable air (vital capacity) for a normal male is the amount of air that can be drawn into the lungs after a forced exhalation and, in this case, is 4800 milliliters.)
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Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?
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tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
(The inspiratory capacity, which is the total amount of air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal relaxed exhalation, is equal to the tidal volume (TV) plus inspiratory reserve volume (IRV).)
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Which of the following findings consistently matches pulmonary function with problems with ventilation?
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A person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV1 has a restrictive disorder.
(Restrictive diseases, such as tuberculosis, decrease FVC but do not affect flow, so FEV1 stays the same.)
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Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin and the blood?
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A drop in blood pH
(The pH in blood tends to drop when plasma reacts with carbon dioxide, a common condition in tissue. This pH drop causes weakening of the Hb-O2 bond, a phenomenon called the Bohr effect.)
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What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?
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as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
(Carbon dioxide reacts with water inside RBCs to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. About 70% of carbon dioxide travels in the plasma as bicarbonate.)
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Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?
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dissolved in plasma
(Most CO2 is transported by combining with hemoglobin or dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonate. A very small percentage is dissolved into the plasma.)
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If the following is the primary factor in oxygen's attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?
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partial pressure of oxygen
(Partial pressure of oxygen influences the binding of oxygen with hemoglobin.)
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What is the primary form in which oxygen is carried in blood?
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chemically bound to hemoglobin
(98% of O2 is transported by hemoglobin.)
