question

alpha waves

answer

the relatively slow brain waves for a relaxed state

question

amphetamines

answer

drugs that simulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions

question

barbituates

answer

depress the activity of the central nervous system, reduce anxiety but impair memory and judgement

question

circadian rhythm

answer

the biological clock, temperature and wakefulness in a 24 hour cycle

question

convergence

answer

binocular cue for perceiving depth

question

delta wave

answer

large brain waves associated with deep sleep

question

consciousness

answer

awakeness of ourselves and our environment

question

depressants

answer

drugs such as alcohol, barbituates, and opiates that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

question

depth perception

answer

the ability to see objects in three dimensions

question

dissociation

answer

a split in consciousness, allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

question

dualism

answer

the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact

question

figure-ground

answer

organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

question

gestalt

answer

an organized whole. emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

question

hallucinogens

answer

psychedelic drugs like LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory imput.

question

hypnosis

answer

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

question

insomnia

answer

recurring problems in falling or staying alseep

question

latent content

answer

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

question

LSD

answer

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

question

manifest content

answer

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream

question

monism

answer

the presumption that mind and body are differen aspects of the same thing

question

narcolepsy

answer

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks

question

night terrors

answer

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified. night terros occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling alseep, and are seldom remembered

question

opiates

answer

such as morphine and heroin, they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

question

perceptual set

answer

a mental predispostion to perceive one thing and not another

question

perceptual adapation

answer

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

question

psychological dependence

answer

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

question

REM sleep

answer

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

question

retinal disparity

answer

a binocular cue for perceiving depth. by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance-the greater disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

question

sleep apnea

answer

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated monentrary awakenings

question

stimulants

answer

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstacy) that excites neural activity and speed up bodily functions

question

THC

answer

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

question

tolerance

answer

the diminishing effect with regualr use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger are larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

question

visual capture

answer

the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

question

visual cliff

answer

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

question

has a limited capacity, is relatively slow, processes information successively:

answer

conscious processing

question

what was the study of consciousness replaced by for some time?

answer

the study of observable behavior

question

the sleepwalking cycle follows a 24-hour clock called:

answer

the circadium rhythem

question

what happens durring peak in cirrcadian arrousal?

answer

thinking is sharpest and memory is most accurate

question

when do most older adults peak in cirrcadian arrousal?

answer

the morning

question

resetting of a biological clock is facilitated by exposure to?

answer

bright light

question

what does exposure to bright light trigger?

answer

triggers protein in the retinas of the eyes to signal the brain's pineal gland to increase or decrease its production of melatonin

question

suprachiasmatic nucleus

answer

the cluster of cells which control the circadian clock

question

adenosine

answer

produced the longer we remain awake--tends to inhibant certain neurons and make us sleepy

question

what is a second way of resetting our biological clock?

answer

adjusting our sleep schedules

question

Psychoactive drugs that increase the production of the neurotransmitter GABA are called

answer

depressants

question

Your breathing and heart rate increase during

answer

REM sleep

question

When you are open to (blank), you may be more easily put in an altered state through _ (blank) than someone else who is less susceptible to conformity and obedience.

answer

the power of suggestion; hypnosis

question

Altered states of consciousness most commonly occur when we do any of the following except

answer

concentrate

question

Self-awareness refers to our

answer

knowledge of our separateness from other people

question

Tolerance with a drug can cause

answer

addiction

question

The idea that dreams are caused by brain activity during REM sleep activating parts of the brain is called

answer

activation-synthesis theory

question

Which of the following affect psychological experiences by altering your sensory perception, moods, thinking and behavior?

answer

Psychoactive drugs

question

Hypnosis is most effective with those who are

answer

open to suggestion

question

LSD and mescaline are examples of

answer

hallucinogens

question

Milton Erickson believed that hypnotism works by

answer

communicating with the unconscious mind

question

The idea of consciousness suggests that we

answer

make choices and consider our actions

question

Hypnotherapy can be used as an anesthetic because it can

answer

convince the patient he or she doesn't feel pain

question

What is circadian rhythm?

answer

A 24-hour cycle, or biological rhythm, that is linked to daylight and darkness.

question

Your circadian rhythm is a cycle that lasts

answer

24 hours

question

FILL IN THE BLANK _(Blank) allows us to maintain a sense of self that is separate from those around us. However, it is through our _ (Blank) that we choose to act, instead of just acting on the stimuli around us.

answer

Self-awareness; consciousness

question

Stimulants include all of the following except

answer

alcohol

question

The influence of a drug is impacted by all of the following except

answer

gender

question

Which of the following statements is correct?

answer

Buying a dress at the mall and completing your math homework are both examples of conscious deliberate behaviors.

question

Which of the following is not one of the four types of psychoactive drugs?

answer

Consciousness

question

Some psychologists believe that nightmares may be beneficial because

answer

they can help us deal with difficult things in a safe place

question

As you fall asleep, an electroencephalogram would show your brainwaves changing from

answer

rapid beta waves to slower alpha waves to even slower theta waves

question

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep occurs when

answer

we are dreaming

question

Which of the following is not a stimulant?

answer

heroin

question

Which of the following statements regarding the sleep cycle is not correct?

answer

After the REM stage, the cycle repeats itself in reverse order - from REM to Stage 4 to Stage 3. And after about 90 minutes of sleep, you enter Stage 2 sleep.

question

In Freud's theory of dreams,

answer

actual dream content is called manifest content and repressed desires are the latent content

question

During the third and fourth stages of sleep, your brain produces

answer

delta waves

question

Which of the following psychologists promoted more direct suggestions in hypnosis because they believed they were communicating with the conscious mind and that someone who was hypnotized was following suggestions because they were expected to?

answer

Theodore Barber and Nicholas Spanos

question

Meditation has been shown to

answer

increase alpha and theta brain waves

question

An example of a conscious deliberate behavior is

answer

calling your mother

question

While out for a bike ride, you can think about what you'll make for dinner rather than concentrate on how to operate the bicycle. This illustrates:

answer

parallel processing

question

Carrie's EEG shows sleep spindles. Which stage of sleep is she in?

answer

stage 2

question

A modern theory of dreams suggests that dreams help us to fix the day's experiences into memories. This is known as the ___________ theory of dreams.

answer

information processing

question

The social influence theory of hypnosis receives support from evidence that:

answer

A. behaviors produced through hypnotic procedures can also be produced without them.

question

Consciousness

answer

currently defined as our awareness of ourselves and our environment, occurs in the normal states of seeing and hearing, reasoning and remembering, but also in the altered consciousness of sleep, hypnotic states, and chemically induced hallucinations.

question

Stage 1 sleep

answer

often with the sensation of falling or floating

question

Stage 2 sleep

answer

(the stage in which we spend the most time) follows about 20 minutes later, with its characteristic sleep spindles.

question

Stages 3 and 4 sleep

answer

together lasting about 30 minutes with large, slow delta waves. Sleep also encourages growth; the pituitary gland secretes a growth hormone in Stage 4 sleep.

question

paradoxical sleep (stage 5 sleep)

answer

we are internally aroused but outwardly paralyzed, About an hour after falling asleep, we begin approximately10 minutes of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, in which most dreaming occurs.

question

As this up-and-down cycle repeats during a normal night's sleep...

answer

periods of Stage 4 and then Stage 3 sleep progressively shorten and dreaming REM sleep lengthens.

question

Describe the most common content of dreams:

answer

We usually dream of ordinary events and everyday experiences, 80 percent of them involving some anxiety or misfortune. Fewer than 10 percent of dreams (and less among women) have any sexual content. Most dreams occur derringer sleep; those that happen during non-REM sleep tend tube vague fleeting images.

question

Freud believed that dreams ...

answer

provide a safety valve, because their manifest content (or story line) is a censored version of latent content (some underlying meaning that gratifies our unconscious wishes).

question

The information-processing perspective on dreaming is that...

answer

dreams help us sort out the day's experiences and fix them in memory.

question

Other physiological theories of dreaming propose that ..

answer

REM-induced regular brain stimulation helps develop and preserve neural pathways in the brain

question

The activation-synthesis explanation of dreaming is that..

answer

REM sleep triggers impulses in the visual cortex, evoking random visual images that our brain tries to weave into a story line

question

The brain-maturation/cognitive-development perspective believes...

answer

dreams represent the dreamer's level of development, knowledge, and understanding.

question

Name the main categories of psychoactive drugs, and list three ways these substances can interfere with neurotransmission in the brain:

answer

Depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens are the three main categories of psychoactive drugs. These substances interfere with neurotransmission by stimulating, inhibiting, or mimicking the activity of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) at synapses in the brain. The effects of psychoactive drugs also depend on the user's expectations.

question

Methamphetamine

answer

stimulant. highly addictive, and continued use may permanently reduce dopamine production.

question

cocaine

answer

stimulant. blocks the reuptake of dopamine, nor epinephrine, and serotonin at synapses in the brain and gives users a 15- to 30-minute rush of intense high feelings, followed by a crash. Cocaine's highly addictive, and its risks include cardiovascular stress and suspiciousness.

question

ecstasy

answer

combined stimulant and mild hallucinogen. By releasing serotonin and blocking its reuptake at synapses, Ecstasy produces a euphoric high and feelings of intimacy. Its repeated use may suppress the immune system, disrupt the circadian clock, destroy serotonin producing neurons, and permanently damage mood and memory. Combined with physical activity, it can cause dehydration, leading to potentially fatal overheating.

question

Describe the physiological and psychological effects of hallucinogens, and summarize the effects of LSD and marijuana:

answer

Hallucinogens, such as LSD and marijuana, distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. The user's mood and expectations influence the effects of LSD, but common components are hallucinations and emotions varying from euphoria to panic. Marijuana's main active ingredient, THC, triggers variety of effects, including disinheriting, a euphoric high, and feelings of relaxation, relief from pain, and intense sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes, and smells. It may also amplify feelings of anxiety or depression, impair motor coordination and reaction time, disrupt memory formation, and—because of the inhaled smoke in which it travels—damage lung tissue.

question

Describe the near-death experience and the controversy over whether it provides evidence for a mind-body dualism.

answer

About one-third of those who have survived a brush with death, such as through cardiac arrest, later recall visionary near-death experiences. These sometimes involve out-of-body sensations and seeing or traveling toward a bright light. Dualists interpret these experiences as evidence of human immortality. Monists point out that reports of such experiences closely parallel reports of hallucinations and may byproducts of a brain under stress.

question

At its beginning, psychology focused on the study of:

answer

consciousness

question

As defined by the text, consciousness includes which of the following?

answer

focused attention sleeping hypnosis

question

Consciousness is defined in the text as:

answer

our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

question

Concluding his presentation on levels of information processing, Miguel states that:

answer

conscious processing is serial, while unconscious processing is parallel.

question

The sleep-waking cycles of young people who stay up too late typically are ________ hours in duration.

answer

25

question

Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep?

answer

genital arousal

question

Concluding her presentation on contemporary theories of why sleep is necessary, Marilynn makes all of the following points except:

answer

Slow-wave sleep provides a "psychic safety valve" for stressful waking experiences.

question

One effect of sleeping pills is to:

answer

decrease REM sleep

question

Jill dreams that she trips and falls as she walks up the steps to the stage to receive her college diploma. Her psychoanalyst suggests that the dream might symbolize her fear of moving on to the next stage of her life—a career. The analyst is evidently attempting to interpret the ________ content of Jill's dream.

answer

latent

question

People who heard unusual phrases prior to sleep were awakened each time they began REM sleep. The fact that they remembered less the next morning provides support for the ________ theory of dreaming.

answer

information-procesing

question

Which of the following is not a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text?

answer

Dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation.

question

According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreaming represents:

answer

the brain's efforts to integrate unrelated bursts of activity in visual brain areas with the emotional tone provided by limbic system activity.

question

Barry has participated in a sleep study for the last four nights. He was awakened each time he entered REM sleep. Now that the experiment is over, which of the following can be expected to occur?

answer

There will be an increase in Barry's REM sleep.

question

The modern discovery of hypnosis is generally attributed to:

answer

Mesmer

question

Research studies of the effectiveness of hypnosis as a form of therapy have demonstrated that:

answer

-for problems of self-control, such as smoking, hypnosis is equally effective with subjects who can be deeply hypnotized and those who cannot. -posthypnotic suggestions have helped alleviate headaches, asthma, and stress-related skin disorders. -as a form of therapy, hypnosis is no more effective than positive suggestions given without hypnosis.

question

As a form of therapy for relieving problems such as warts, hypnosis is:

answer

no more effective than positive suggestions given without hypnosis.

question

Those who believe that hypnosis is a social phenomenon argue that "hypnotized" individuals are:

answer

merely acting out a role

question

According to Hilgard, hypnosis is:

answer

a dissociation between different levels of consciousness.

question

All of the following are common misconceptions about addiction, except the statement that:

answer

biological factors place some individuals at increased risk for addiction.

question

Alcohol has the most profound effect on:

answer

the transfer of experiences to long-term memory. NOT immediate memory

question

How a particular psychoactive drug affects a person depends on:

answer

-the dosage and form in which the drug is taken. -the user's expectations and personality. -the situation in which the drug is taken.

question

Cocaine and crack produce a euphoric rush by:

answer

blocking the reuptake of dopamine in brain cells.

question

I am a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen that produces euphoria and social intimacy by triggering the release of dopamine and serotonin. What am I?

answer

MDMA

question

Which of the following statements concerning marijuana is true?

answer

The by-products of marijuana are cleared from the body more slowly than are the by-products of alcohol.

question

Which of the following statements concerning alcoholism is not true?

answer

Adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcoholism if they had an adoptive parent with alcoholism.

question

The lowest rates of drug use among high school seniors is reported by:

answer

black males

question

Which of the following statements concerning the roots of drug use is true?

answer

It is nearly impossible to predict whether or not a particular adolescent will experiment with drugs.

question

Which of the following was not suggested by the text as an important aspect of drug prevention and treatment programs?

answer

"scare tactics" that frighten prepubescent children into avoiding drug experimentation

question

Which of the following statements concerning near-death experiences is true?

answer

They typically consist of fantastic, mystical imagery.

question

Sleepwalking is most likely to be associated with ________ sleep.

answer

stage 4

question

Research most clearly disputes claims of:

answer

age regression

question

Research on addictive drugs most clearly indicates that:

answer

most of America's ex-smokers were able to kick the habit on their own.

question

Narcolepsy is associated with a relative absence of a hypothalamic neural center that produces:

answer

hypocretin

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