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psychological disorder

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a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

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medical model

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the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

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epigenetics

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the study of the environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

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DSM-5

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the American Psychology Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

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anxiety disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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generalized anxiety disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder mark by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack

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phobia

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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation

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obsessive compulsive disorder

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a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

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post traumatic stress disorder

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a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four or more weeks after a traumatic experience

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major depressive disorder

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a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either 1) depressed mood or 2) a loss of interest or pleasure

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mania

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a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

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bipolar disorder

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a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcitement state of mania (formerly called manic-depressive disorder)

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rumination

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compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

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schizophrenia

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a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

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delusion

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a false belief, often persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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chronic schizophrenia

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a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood; as people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

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acute schizophrenia

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a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods

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dissociative disorders

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controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

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dissociative identity disorder

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a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities; formerly called multiple personality disorder

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personality disorder

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inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

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antisocial personality disorder

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a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

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anorexia nervosa

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an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

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bulimia nervosa

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an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high calorie food) with purging (vomiting or use of laxatives) or fasting

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binge-eating disorder

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significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgusts, or guilt, but without the compulsory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa

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moral treatment

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Philippe Pinel is famous for his ________________, which disapproved brutal treatments.

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predict; suggest; prompt

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In psychiatry and psychology, classification aims to ____________ the disorder's future course, _____________ appropriate treatment, and _____________ research into its causes.

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anorexia nervosa

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__________________ occurs mostly in North America, supporting the notion that some psychological disorders are culture-specific.

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schizophrenia

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________________ occurs in all cultures, supporting the notion that some psychological disorders are universal.

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biopsychosocial approach

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This broad perspective helps us understand that our well-being is affected by our genes, brain functioning, inner thoughts and feelings, and the influence of our social and cultural environment.

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attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

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11

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________ percent of American 4-17 year olds receive the diagnosis of ADHD after displaying its key symptoms.

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labeling

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The dangers of _____________ people with psychological disorders are 1) people may begin to act as they have been labeled and 2) the labels can trigger assumptions that will change our behavior toward those we label.

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chicken-and-egg

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Poverty and disorder are often a ______________________ situation, and it's hard to know which came first because poverty-related stresses can trigger disorders, but disabling disorders can also contribute to poverty.

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75

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1 in ______ people have panic disorder

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generalized anxiety

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Unfocused tension, apprehension, and arousal are symptoms of _______________ disorder.

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panic

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Those who experience unpredictable periods of terror and intense dread, accompanied by frightening physical sensations, may be diagnosed with a _____________ disorder.

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phobia

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If a person is focusing anxiety on specific feared objects or situations, the person may have a _____________.

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obsessive compulsive

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Those who express anxiety through unwanted repetitive thoughts or actions may have an _______________________ disorder.

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reinforcement

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Once fears and anxieties arise, ____________ helps maintain them.

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350

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Worldwide, more than ______ million people suffer from depression.

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women; men

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________________ (women/men) are nearly twice as likely to suffer from major depression than _________ (women/men)

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perceptions; beliefs

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Hallucinations are false _____________; delusions are false ___________.

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negative; chronic

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A person with schizophrenia who has ____________ (positive/negative) symptoms may have an expressionless face and toneless voice. The symptoms are most common with ____________ (chronic/acute) schizophrenia and are not likely to respond to drug therapy.

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positive; acute

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A person with schizophrenia who has ___________ (positive/negative) symptoms are likely to experience delusions and to be diagnosed with ____________ (chronic/acute) schizophrenia, which is much more likely to respond to drug therapy.

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depression

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Two disorders found worldwide are schizophrenia and ____________.

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medical

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A therapist says that psychological disorders are sicknesses and people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist believes in the ___________ model.

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biopsychosocial

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Many psychologists reject the "disorders as illness" view and instead contend that other factors may also be involved-- for example the person's bad habits and poor social skills. This view represents the ___________ approach.

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poverty

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One predictor of psychiatric disorders that crosses ethnic and gender lines is ___________.

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phobias; major depressive disorder

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The symptoms of _________ appear around age 10; ___________ tends to appear later, around age 25.

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phobia

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Anxiety that takes the form of an irrational and maladaptive fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is called a ____________.

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panic attack

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An episode of intense dread, accompanied by trembling, dizziness, chest pains, or choking sensations and by feelings of terror, is called

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obsessive compulsive

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Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activities. her family consulted a therapist who diagnosed her with __________________.

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c

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The learning perspective proposes that phobias are A) the result of individual genetic makeup B) a way of repressing unacceptable impulses C) conditioned fears D) a symptom of having been abused as a child

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d

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Rates of bipolar disorder have risen dramatically in the 21st century, especially among A) middle aged women B) middle aged men C) females 19 and under D) males 19 and under

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norepinephrine; serotonin

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Treatment for depression often includes drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters ______________ and _____________.

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social-cognitive

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Psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the __________________ perspective.

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delusions

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A person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia are most likely to experience

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hallucination

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Hearing voices is an example of a _____________.

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a

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Chances for recovery from schizophrenia are best when A) onset is sudden, in response to stress B) deterioration occurs gradually, during childhood C) no environmental causes can be identified D) there is a detectable brain abnormality

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c

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Dissociative identity disorder is controversial because A) dissociation is quite rare B) it was reported frequently in the 1920s but rarely today C) it's almost never reported outside of North America D) its symptoms are nearly identical to those of OCD

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c

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A personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized by A) depression B) hallucinations C) inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning D) an elevated level of autonomic nervous system arousal

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b

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PET scans of murders' brains have revealed A) higher than normal activation in the frontal lobes B) lower than normal activation in the frontal lobes C) more frontal lobe tissue than normal D) no difference in brain structures or activity

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b

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Which of the following statements is true about bulimia? A) People with bulimia continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight B) bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within normal ranges C) bulimia patients often come from middle class families that are competitive and high achieving D) if one's twin is diagnosed with bulimia the chances of the other twin sharing the disorder is greater if they are fraternal rather than identical twins.

PSY110 Exam 4: Psychological Disorders – Flashcards

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