Chapter 7: State of Consciousness – Flashcards
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consciousness
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our awareness of ourselves & our environments
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biological rhythm
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periodic physiological functions
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circadian rhythm
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the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature & wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle
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REM sleep
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rapid eye movement sleep, a reoccurring sleep stage during when vivid dreams commonly occur. also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
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alpha waves
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the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
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sleep
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periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness- resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
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hallucinations
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false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
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delta waves
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the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
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insomnia
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reoccurring problems in falling or staying asleep
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narcolepsy
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a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often as inopportune times
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sleep apnea
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a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep & repeated momentary awakenings
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night terrors
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a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal & an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, with 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, & are seldom remembered
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dream
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a sequence of images, emotions, & thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, & incongruities, & for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content & later difficulties remembering it
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manifest content
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according to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)
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latent content
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according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream's latent content functions as a safety vault
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REM rebound
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the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
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hypnosis
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a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggest to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feeling, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
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posthypnotic suggestion
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a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms & behaviors
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dissociation
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a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts & behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
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psychoactive drugs
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a chemical substance that alters perception & mood
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tolerance
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the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger & larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
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withdrawal
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the discomfort & distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug
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physical dependence
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a psychological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued
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psychological dependence
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a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
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addiction
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compulsive drug craving & use
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depressants
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drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, & opiates, that reduce neural activity & slow body functions
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barbiturates
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drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory & judgment
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opiates
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opium & its derivatives, such as morphine & heroin; they depress neural activity, temporary lessening pain & anxiety
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stimulants
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drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, & more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy) that excite neural activity & speed up body functions
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hallucinogens
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psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions & evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
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amphetamines
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drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions & associated energy & mood changes
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methamphetamine
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a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the CNS, with speeded-up body functions & associated energy & mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels
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Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) // ecstasy
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a synthetic stimulant & mild hallucinogen. produces euphoria & social intimacy, but with short-term health risks & longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons & to mood & cognition
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Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
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a powerful hallucinogen drug; also known as acid
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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
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the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations
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near-death experience
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an altered state of consciousness reporting the after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
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dualism
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the presumption that mind & body are 2 distinct entities that interact
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monism
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the presumption that mind & body are different aspects of the same thing
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As defined by the text, consciousness includes what of the following?
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focused attention, hypnosis, & sleeping (all of the above)
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The cluster of brain cells that control the circadian rhythm is the:
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superachiasmatic nucleus
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When our ___ is disrupted, we experience jet lag.
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circadian rhythm
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Sleep spindles predominate during which state of sleep?
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stage 2
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During which stage of sleep does the body experience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, & genital arousal?
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REM sleep
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The sleep cycle is approximately ___ minutes
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90
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The effects of chronic sleep deprivation includes
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suppression of the immune system, altered metabolic & hormonal functioning, impaired creativity (all of the above)
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One effect of sleeping pills is too:
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decrease REM sleep
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Cocaine & crack produce a euphoric rush by:
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blocking the reuptake of dopamine in brain cells
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Which of the following is classified as a depressant?
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alcohol
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The modern discovery of hypnosis is generally attributed to:
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Mesmer
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Which of the following statements concerning hypnosis is true?
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hypnosis is in part of an extension of the division between conscious awareness & automatic behavior
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People who heard unusual phrases prior to sleep were awakened each time they began REM sleep. The fact that they remembered less the next morning provides the support for the ___ theory of dreaming.
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information-processing
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According to Freud, dreams are:
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a symbolic fulfilment of erotic wishes
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Psychoactive drugs affect behavior & perception through
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alteration of neural activity in the brain
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All of the following are common misconceptions about addiction, except the statement that
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biological factors place some individuals at increased risk for addiction
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At its beginning, psychology focused on the study of
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consciousness
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Which of the following is not a theory of dreaming mentioned in the text
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dreaming is an attempt to escape from social stimulation
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The sleep-walking cycles of young people who stay up too late typically are ___ hours in duration
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25
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The lowest rate of drug use among high school seniors is reported by:
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black males
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Which of the following statements regarding REM sleep is true
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REM sleep deprivation results in a REM rebound
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Which theorists believed that the mind & the body are separate entities?
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the dualists
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Alcohol has the most profound effect on:
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the transfer of experiences to long-term memory
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A person whose EEG shows a high proportion of alpha waves is most likely:
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awake & relaxed
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Circadian rhythms are the:
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regular body cycles that occur on a 24-hour schedule
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A person who requires increasing amounts of a drug in order to feel its effect is said to have developed:
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tolerance
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Which of the following is not an example of biological rhythm
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sudden sleep attacks during the night
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Which of the following is characteristic of REM sleep?
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genital arousal
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Which of the following is not a stimulant?
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alcohol
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Hypnotic responsiveness is:
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greater when people are led to expect it
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According to Hilgard, hypnosis is:
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a dissociation between different levels of consciousness
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Which of the following was not cited in the text as evidence that heredity influences alcohol use?
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children whose parents abuse alcohol have a lower tolerance for multiple alcoholic drinks taken over a short period of time
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As a form of therapy for relieving problems such as warts, hypnosis is:
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no more effective than positive suggestions given without hypnosis
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Which of the following is usually the most powerful determinant of whether teenagers begin using drugs
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peer influence
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THC is the major active ingredient in:
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marijuana
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Those who believe that hypnosis is a social phenomenon argue that "hypnotized" individuals are:
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merely acting out a role
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Consciousness is defined in the text as
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our awareness of ourselves & our environment
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I am a synthetic stimulant & mild hallucinogen that produces euphoria & social intimacy by triggering the release of dopamine serotonin. What am I?
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MDMA
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According to the activation-synthesis theory, dreaming represents
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the brain's effort to integrate unrelated bursts of activity in visual brain areas with emotional tone provided by limbic system activity
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How particular psychoactive drug affects a person depends on
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the dosage & form in which the drug is taken, the user's expectations & personality, the situation in which the drug is taken (all of the above)
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A person who falls asleep in the midst of a heated argument probably suffers from:
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narcolepsy
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Which of the following was not suggested by the text as an important aspect of drug prevention & treatment programs
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"scare tactics" that frighten prepubescent children into avoiding drug experimentation
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REM sleep is referred to as paradoxical sleep because:
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the body's muscle remain relaxed while the brain & eyes are active
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An attorney wants to know if the details & accuracy of an eyewitness's memory for a crime would be improved under hypnosis. Given the results of relevant research, what should you tell the attorney?
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most hypnotically retrieved memories are either false or contaminated
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Dan has recently begun using an addictive, euphoria-producing drug. Which of the following will probably occur if he repeatedly uses this drug?
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the dosage needed to produce the desired effect will increase
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Although her eyes are closed, Adele's brain is generating bursts of electrical activity. It is likely that Adele is:
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in REM sleep
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Concluding his presentation on levels of information processing, Miguel states that:
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conscious process is serial, while unconscious processing is parallel
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Roberto is moderately intoxicated by alcohol. Which of the following changes in his behavior is likely to occur?
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If angered, he is more likely to become aggressive than he is when he is sober; he will be less self-conscious about his behavior; if sexually aroused, he will be less inhibited about engaging in sexual activity (all of the above)
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Jill dreams that she trips & falls as she walks up the steps to the stage to receive her college diploma. Her psychoanalysts suggests that the dream might symbolize her fear of moving on to the next stage of her life-a career. The analyst is evidently attempting to interpret the ___ content of Jill's dream.
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latent
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Barry has participated in a sleep study for the last four nights. He was awakened each time he entered REM sleep. Now that he is experiment is over, which of the following can be expected to occur?
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there will be an increase in Barry's REM sleep
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Of the following individuals, who is likely to be most hypnotically suggestible?
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Janice, an actress with rich imagination
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Which of the following statements concerning alcohol is not true
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adopted individuals are more susceptible to alcoholism if they had an adoptive parent with alcoholism
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Research studies of the effectiveness of the hypnosis as a form of therapy have demonstrated that:
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for problems of self-control, such as smoking, hypnosis is equally effective with people who can be deeply hypnotized & those who cannot; posthypnotic suggestions have helped alleviated headaches, asthma, & stress-related skin disorders; as a form of therapy, hypnosis is no more effective than positive suggestions given without hypothesis (all of the above)
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A PET scan of a sleeping person's brain reveals increased activity in the visual & auditory areas. This most likely indicates that the sleeper:
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is in REM sleep
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Which of the following statements concerning marijuana is true?
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the by-products of marijuana are cleared from the body more slowly than are the by-products of alcohol
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Which of the following statements concerning near-death experiences is true?
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they typically consist of fantastic, mystical imagery
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Those who consider hypnosis a social phenomenon contend that:
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hypnotized subjects become more unresponsive when they are no longer motivated to act as instructed
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Which of the following statements concerning the roots of drug use is true?
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It is nearly impossible to predict whether or not a particular adolescent will experiment with drugs
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Concluding her presentation on contemporary theories of why sleep is necessary, Marilynn makes all of the following points except:
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slow-wave sleep provides a "psychic safety value" for stressful waking experiences
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BATD
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beta alpha theta delta
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Surface meaning of dreams
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manifest content
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deeper meaning of dreams
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latent content
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stage(s) of sleep associated with delta waves
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stages 3 & 4
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stage(s) of sleep associated with muscular relaxation
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REM sleeps
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sleep disorder in which breathing stops
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sleep apnea
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sleep disorder occurring in stage 4 sleep
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night terrors
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depressant (example)
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alcohol
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hallucinogen (example)
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marijuana
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stimulant (example)
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cocaine
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twilight stage of sleep associated with imagery resembling hallucinations
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stage 1 sleep
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disorder in which sleep attacks occur
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narcolepsy
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drugs that is both a stimulant & mild hallucinogen
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Ecstasy
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drugs that increase energy & stimulate neural activity
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amphetamines
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brain wave of awake, relaxed person
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alpha
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brain-wave activity during stage 2 sleep
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sleep spindle
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sleep stage associated with dreaming
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REM
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drugs that reduce anxiety & depress CNS activity
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barbiturates
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natural painkillers produced by the brain
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endorphins
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neurotransmitter that LSD resembles
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serotonin
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our awareness of ourselves & our environment
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consciousness
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theory that dreaming reflects our erotic drives
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Freud's theory
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a split between different levels of consciousness
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dissociation
